Psycchology
mvaviY
g‡bvwe`¨v (General
Psychology)
Gwi÷vUj wQ‡jb GKRb `vk©wbK Ges wPwKrmK, wZwb wn‡cv‡µwU‡mi
†`nMZ Ges gvbwmK Amy¯’Zvi c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ fyjekZ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, eyw×
gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖavb Drm bq, ürwcÊB cÖavb Drm| Zvi c~e©m~wi Bgc¨v‡Wv‡K¬m `„p
fv‡e wPš—v Ki‡Zb †h gvby‡li wPš—v Av‡m Zvi i³ †_‡K| hw`I gw¯—®‹ e¨vwZZ m‡PZbZv
cÖwµqv N‡U bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡n †h †Kw›`ªq mœvqyZš¿ i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv g~jZt AmsL¨ wbDib
(mœvqyAsk), bvf©‡mj (mœvqy †Kvl), dendrite (mœvqyZš¿), Ges Axon (GwU wbDib n‡Z
cÖmvwiZ n‡q †`‡ni g‡a¨ ¯ú›`b m„wó K‡i) w`‡q MwVZ| dendrite (mœvqyZš¿) †`L‡Z Lye
†QvU Ges Gi Drm nj mœvqy †Kvl| cÖwZwU wbDib †_‡K Axon wbM©Z nq| wKQy wKQy Axon
AvKv‡i LyeB †QvU/wPKb Avevi wKQy wKQy Axon AvKv‡i 3 dz‡UiI †ekx j¤^v n‡q
_v‡K| dendrite (mœvqyZš¿) ¸‡jv mvaviYZ msev` MÖnY K‡i Ges Axon
¸‡jv msev` †`‡ni
wewfbœ As‡k‡cÖiY K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡`i gw¯—‡®‹ 20 wewjqb bvf©‡mj i‡q‡Q Ges 5 wewjqb
bvf©‡mj Øviv ¯úvBbvjKW© (wbDib Gi mgwó, GwU †gi“`ʇK cwiPvjbv K‡i) MwVZ evKx
Zš¿ ¸‡jv kix‡ii mKj As‡ki mv‡_ hy³| GB mœvqyZš¿¸‡jv cwiPvwjZ nq we`y¨Z I
ivmvqwbK c`v_© Øviv| Axon I dendrite
(mœvqyZš¿) ci®úi n‡Z wew”Qbœ _v‡K, Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU duvK i‡q‡Q, hv‡K e‡j
Synapse (cÖvß mwbœKh©; `ywU wbDib n‡Z Ab¨wU‡Z †h mœvqy cÖevn N‡U Zv‡K cÖvß
mwbœKh© e‡j)| mvB‡bcm& we`y¨‡Zi gZ ZwirMwZ‡Z †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask n‡Z msev` enb
K‡i wb‡q Av‡m| wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_©, hv‡`i ejv nq mœvqy mÂvjK, mœvqyi
KvR‡K `ª“Z ev axi MwZi K‡i †`q| GB ivmvqwbK c`v_© mvB‡bcm& Gi duv‡K KvR
K‡i| Ny‡gi mgqI Avgv‡`i gw¯—®‹/ brain Ges bvf©‡mj¸‡jv KvR K‡i; ïaygvÎ g„Zz¨i ci
G‡`i KvR eÜ n‡q hvq| msev` Axon Gi w`‡K PjvPj K‡i cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê 395 dyU|
B‡jK‡Uªvb‡mc‡n‡jvMÖvg (Electroencephalogram) (EEG), B‡jKwUª‡Ki wgUv‡ii gZ
gw¯—‡®‹i mg¯— KvRKg© †iKW© K‡i iv‡L| GKRb m‡PZb e¨w³i †`‡ni g‡a¨ 1 †m‡K‡Ê 10
evi ¯ú›`b ˆZix K‡i| GB ¯ú›`‡bi cwigvc Kiv nq hertz (1 hertz =1 †m‡KÊ) Øviv|
Avevi 1 hertz =1 ¯ú›`b| Ny‡gi mgq Avgv‡`i gw¯—®‹ 2 hertz ¯ú›`b
ˆZix K‡i| GKRb mwµq ev D‡ËwRZ e¨w³i gw¯—®‹ 18-20 nviUm& ˆZix K‡i| hemorrhage
Ges wUDgvi n‡j †eªBb (gw¯—®‹) mvaviYZ ax‡i ax‡i Ges AwbqwgZfv‡e ¯ú›`b ˆZix K‡i|
gw¯—‡®‹i KywÄZ (Brain Wave) Ask Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci gZ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v iK‡gi|
bvf©‡mj I wbDib¸‡jv †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡li gZ cybivq ˆZix nq
bv, ZvB †Kvbfv‡e hw` G¸‡jv AvNvZcÖvß nq Zvn‡j G¸‡jvi A‡bK ¶wZ n‡q hvq ev G¸‡jv
wb‡¯—R n‡q hvq| hemorrhage n‡j †`‡n Aw·‡R‡bi Afve †`Lv †`q Ges i³ PjvPj
eÜ n‡q hvq; ZvB G †ivM n‡j †ivMxi i³PjvPj‡K ¯^vfvweK ivLvi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aw·‡Rb I
My‡KvR w`‡Z n‡e|
Avgv‡`i gw¯—‡®‹ mv`v I a~mi is Gi `yB ai‡Yi e¯‘ Av‡Q|
a~mi is Gi e¯‘wU wbDib w`‡q MwVZ Ges
mv`v e¯‘wU wMqv †mj (we‡kl ai‡Yi †Kvl) w`‡q MwVZ| wMqv †mj wbDib Ges ¶wZKi
cwieZ©b †_‡K i¶v K‡i| GUvI nq †h Zviv cywó mieivn K‡i Ges Dw”Qóvsk mwi‡q †d‡j|
mv`v e¯‘ Avukv‡jv `ªe¨ kixi n‡Z gw¯—‡®‹ †`evi Rb¨ mieivn K‡i|
Avgv‡`i gw¯—®‹ 3wU As‡k wef³t (1) m¤§yLfvM (†dvi-†eªBb
fore brain) (2) ga¨fvM (wgW-†eªBb mid brain) Ges (3) cðuvrfvM (nvBÛ-†eªBb hind
brain)| cðuvrfvM (nvBÊ-†eªBb hind brain)t GwU nj g¾¡v| GB †eªBb Avgv‡`i
ü`¯ú›`b, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm, i³Pvc, Ges Lv`¨bvjx wbqš¿b K‡i| g¾¡v bó n‡q hvIqvi m‡½
m‡½ Avgv‡`i RxebI †kl n‡q hvq| ga¨fvM (wgW-†eªBb mid brain)t GB AskwU †QvU wKš‘
LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© hv‡K ejv nq nvB‡cv_vjv‡gvQ| gw¯—‡®‹i GB As‡k Avgv‡`i fq, ivM,
Ges Avb›` A_©vr bvbv iKg Av‡eM¸‡jv _v‡K| GwU wcUzBUvix Mv‡Êi m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K,
ZvB GwU Ab¨vb¨ Mvʸ‡jv‡KI wbqš¿b K‡i| m¤§yLfvM (†dvi-†eªBb fore brain) t Gi
IRb 3 cvDÊ Ges 82 eM© (¯‹qvi) Bw nq|
mvaviYZ 7 eQi eq‡m gw¯—®‹ cwic° n‡q _v‡K|
†c‡Uv wQ‡jb wn‡cv‡µUm& Gi mgmvgwqK, wZwb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb †h, A‡bK ai‡Yi gvbwmK †ivM Av‡Q †h¸‡jv Hk cÖ`Ë| GKwU mgq wQj mK‡j g‡b KiZ
†h, c„w_ex GKwU mgZj MÖn Ges ‰miRM‡Zi †K›`ª hv‡K †K›`ª K‡i m~h© Nyi‡Q|
†R¨vwZ©we`¨v c„w_ex m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i Mfxi mg_©b †c‡q‡Q, wKš‘
g‡bvwe`¨v G m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK MfxiZv wb‡q G‡m‡Q| 1934 m‡b †R¨vwZ©we`MY
34,000wU Zviv MYbv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b 100 wewjqb Zvivi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|
†h¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz Avgv‡`i b¶Îcy‡Äi †P‡qI eo| Avgv‡`i ˆmiRM‡Zi eqm nj 20
wewjqb| gvbyl cÖvq 225 wgwjqb eQi Av‡M †_‡K GB c„w_ex‡Z evm Ki‡Q| gvby‡li gw¯—®‹ Ges †Kvl¸‡jv cÖvq 25 wewjqb
wbDib (wkiv) Øviv MwVZ Ges G¸‡jv ci®ú‡ii m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| GB †Kvl¸‡jv Avgv‡`i
Rxe‡`n ev mË¡v‡K wbqš¿b I i¶v K‡i|
Rxewe`¨vi m~Îg‡Z gvby‡li gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ Ges Amy¯’¨Zv,
†gRvR, gw¯—‡®‹i I wcUzBUvix Mv‡Êi MVb nq wRbMZ Kvi‡Y| evn¨mË¡vi e„w× Ges
Acwic°, gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ I Amy¯’¨Zv AvZ¥mË¡v n‡Z c„_K| Avš—tgvbwmK †jvK eyS‡Z cv‡i ¯^v¯’¨ Ges
†ivMwe`¨v MVb Ae‡PZb gb †_‡K|
evB‡ii `„wó‡Z e„w× Ges Acwic°Zv gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ Ges Amy¯’Zv
n‡”Q wb‡R‡K Avjv`v Kiv| AvPiYwe`MY g‡b
K‡ib, cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbqš¿bB nj gvby‡li myL I kvwš—‡Z emevm Kivi cÖavb PvweKvwV|
mvaviYZ cyi“‡li †¶‡Î (hviv WvbnvZx) Zv‡`i gw¯—‡®‹i evgcvk
GKUz †ekx mwµq _v‡K ev †ekx KvR K‡i| wKš‘ gwnjv‡`i †¶‡Î evgcvk GKUz `~e©j, Z‡e
Zv‡`i Wvbcvk †ekx Kvh©Kix| GRb¨B gwnjviv cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvq ZvovZvwo Aek I †÷ªvK
n‡Z my¯’¨ n‡Z cv‡i Ges fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ekx AMÖMvgx| †g‡qiv WvbnvZ
w`‡q †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †ekx m~¶ ev `¶Zvi m‡½ wbcyb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †g‡q‡`i
Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i Aš—`„wó ev Kíbv msµvš— `„wókw³ ZvivZvwo cwic° nq Ges wewfbœ
ai‡Yi Kg©Kv‡Ê Ab¨‡`i m‡½ fvjfv‡e mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Q‡jiv †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq
cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z ev e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †ekx AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i Ges wb‡Ri
gvbwmK mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb wb‡RB K‡i _v‡K| hw` gvby‡li gv_vi Lywji m‡½ B‡jKwUªK
Zvi Ges †iKW©hš¿ (EEG) mshy³ _v‡K Ges ZLb hw` †Q‡jiv wb‡RB wb‡Ri gvbwmK mgm¨vi
mgvavb K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i gw¯—‡®‹i Wvb Ask B‡jwUª‡Ki gZ KvR K‡i| wKš‘ †g‡q‡`i
†¶‡Î `yÕcvkB KvR K‡i| Avi evgnvZx‡jvK‡`i Rb¨ gw¯—®‹ Ab¨fv‡e KvR K‡i|
gvby‡li cÖavb 4wU welqe¯‘ nj †`n, Am‡PZbZv, mË¡v, Ges
cwi‡ek| †`n‡K gvbyl GKwU hš¿ ev †nvÊvi (†gvUi mvB‡K‡ji) m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i,
Am‡PZbZv‡K gvbyl GKwU inm¨RbK mgvavb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡K, mË¡v‡K being wn‡m‡e †`‡L, Ges cwi‡ek‡K gvbyl
GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡gi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i Ges G‡K Af¨v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡Z Pvq|
The
Hind (gw¯—‡®‹i †cQ‡bi fvM)
gw¯—‡®‹i wZbwU Ask i‡q‡Q|
h_v AMÖfvM (forebrain), ga¨fvM (Mid) Ges
wcQ‡bifvM (Hind)| GB wZbwU Ask wb‡q mixm„c I ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvwYe‡M©i gw¯—®‹ MwVZ
nq| gw¯—‡®‹i e„nËi m¤§yL fv‡Mi AskwU‡K ejv nq ¸i“gw¯—‡®‹i a~mi evn¨vsk|
¸i“gw¯—‡®‹i a~mi evn¨vs‡ki g‡a¨ †h a~mi c`v_© i‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q kw³i Drm hv gvbyl‡K
cªvYx †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †hgb- weg~Z© ev Aev¯—e wPš—v, ejvi ¶gZv Ges ‰kwíK m„wói
¶gZv `vb K‡i| ¸i“ gw¯—‡®‹i a~mi evn¨vs‡ki g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z i‡q‡Q ¯úk©, `„wó Ges kªeY
¶gZvi Drm Ges †PvL, evû, cv, A½yj m‡½ m‡½ gyLgÊj mÂvi‡Yi Drm| gw¯—‡®‹i mœvqyZš¿
†_‡K †h m~Zvi gZ my¶ c`v_© we‡kl †b‡g Av‡m Zv w`K AwZµg K‡i ev cwieZ©b K‡i e‡j
gw¯—‡®‹i Wvb w`K kix‡ii evg w`K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges gw¯—‡®‹i evg w`K kix‡ii Wvb w`K
wbqš¿Y K‡i| evg cv‡ki gM‡Ri a~mi evn¨vsk n‡”Q e„w× cÖKvkK kw³| Avi Wvb w`‡K
n‡”Q A-evPwbK aviYv, Av‡eM, m½xZ Ges ˆkwíK Kv‡Ri cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g MVb Kivi Drm|
cï-cvwL Ges †cvKvgvKo Df‡qiB mœvqyZš¿ _vKvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ Kg© ¶gZv ev `¶Zv
i‡q‡Q| ‡hgb- gvKokv Rvj ey‡b, gkv iv‡Z Lv‡`¨i mÜvb K‡i|
gvQ I cvwL eû`y‡i
¯’vbvš—wiZ nq, cvwL evmv euv‡a Z‡e Zviv me mgq GKB ai‡Yi KvR K‡i _v‡K| gvby‡li
gw¯—‡®‹i e„nËi m¤§yL fv‡Mi m‡ev©”P Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y bvbvb ˆewP‡Î¨i ga¨ w`‡q KvR
K‡i _v‡K (D`vniY ¯^iƒc †`wL c„w_ex‡Z nvRvi iK‡gi ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|
gvby‡li mœvqyZš¿ (The Human nervous
system):
†K›`ªxq mœvqyZš¿ (The central nervous
system) gw¯—®‹ (Brain) I mylgvKvÊ
(Spinal Cord) w`‡q MwVZ|
cÖvš—xq mœvqyZš¿ (The
Peripheral nervous system) gv_vi Lywj
I †gi“`‡Êi ga¨Kvi wkiv ev bvf© Øviv MwVZ hv kix‡ii cÖwZwU As‡k ‡cuŠ‡Q|
mnvqK mœvqyZš¿ (The
Voluntary nervous system ) kix‡ii
cÖwZwU gvsm †cwki m‡½ mshy³ hv B”Qvi ms‡hv‡M bovPov Kiv hvq|
¯^qswµq mœvqyZš¿ (The autonamic
nervous system): m‡PZb wbqš¿Y QvovB
KvR K‡i Ges kix‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR ¸‡jv wbqš¿Y K‡i| †hgb-ür¯ú›`b, i³Pvc,
k¦vm-cÖk¦vm, cwicvKwµqv kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv BZ¨vw`| GwU mg¯— A½ cÖZ‡½i mv‡_ mshy³;
†PvL, cwicvKZš¿, ürwcÊ, dzmdzm, gyÎ_wj, jvjvMÖwš’, wKWbx, agbx, wkiv, bvK,Kvb
BZ¨vw`| GUv ¯^”Q›` ev A-¯^”Q›` gvsm‡ckx hv A‰bw”QKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i| ¯^qswµq
mœvqyZš¿ (The autonamic nervous system) gw¯—‡®‹i Mfxi ga¨fv‡Mi Ask Øviv
wbqwš¿Z hv‡K Dienciphalon e‡j|
¯^qswµq mœvqyZš¿ (The autonamic nervous
system): ¯^qswµq mœvqyZš¿ `ywU
fv‡M wef³| h_v
1)
mv`„k¨g~jK Ges
2)
ˆemv`„k¨g~jK|
mv`„k¨g~jK kixi‡K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ DwÏwcZ K‡i| GwU kix‡ii ür¯ú›`b, i³Pvc
My‡KvR MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ DwÏwcZ K‡i| ˆemv`„k¨g~jK kixi‡K cÖkvš— I mvg¨ve¯’v
`vb K‡i hLb kixi †ek DwÏcxZ n‡q hvq| GUv e¨e¯’vcbv, c~Y©e„w×, cwicvKZ‡š¿
ZvcgvÎv, Nyg, ¶zav wbqš¿Y K‡i|
Aš—:¶iv MÖš’x (The Endocrine system):
GB Aš—:¶iv MÖš’xmg~n (Endocrine)
nj MjMÖš’x, e„®‹MÖš’x, AMœvkq, wW¤^‡Kvl, AÛ‡Kvl, Thymus, Pituitary (†k®§vwbtmviK)
| GB MÖš’x¸‡jv †_‡K wewfbœ ni‡gvb ¶wiZ n‡q i‡³i m‡½ wg‡k hvq| 50 cÖKv‡ii †ewk
ni‡gvb GB c×wZ‡Z Avwe®‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pituitary (†k®§vwbtmviK) †K ejv nq cÖavb
MÖš’x| GwU‡K gw¯—‡®‹i cÖavb As‡k wPwýZ Kiv nq hv nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡mi
(Hypothalamus) wb‡P Aew¯’Z m¤§yL gw¯—‡®‹i Askwe‡kl| Hypothalamus n‡”Q Dienciphalon (m¤§yL
gw¯—‡®‹i cðv`eZx© Ask) Gi GKwU Ask|
Pituitary (†k®§vwbtmviK) n‡”Q 1.5 †m.wg. e¨vm wewkó| GwU AvUwU (8wU) wfbœ
ai‡bi ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i| GB MÖš’x¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i hv hyeK-hyeZx‡`i
e„w×i KviY| Mjvi ga¨Kvi ¯^ihš¿ ev evMhš¿ Gi wb‡Pi Ae¯’vb‡K MjMÖš’x wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
Kiv nq| GwU hLb Pituitary (†k®§vwbtmviK) MÖš’x †_‡K ni‡gvb MÖnY K‡i ZLb GwU
DwÏwcZ n‡q wbR¯^ ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i hv‡K thyroxin (_vBi‡qW MÖwš’ wb:m„Z im) Avi
thyroxin (_vBi‡qW MÖwš’ wb:m„Z im) AwK&ª‡Rb MÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q kix‡ii ga¨Kvi
ivmvqwbK iƒcvš—i ev wecvK gvÎv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
Metabolism (wecvK) Gi A_© nj GUv GKUv gvÎv hv kix‡ii kw³ Drcv`b
K‡i Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki ga¨w`‡q ev Lvevi †_‡K †h kw³ Drcvw`Z nq Zv nj Metabolism
(wecvK) |
mœvqy -kvixi we`¨v (wkï
Rxe‡b gvbwmK) weKv‡ki wZbwU chv©q (gw¯—‡®‹i weKvk)
cÖ_g chv©q, Rb¥ †_‡K 18 gvm eqm ch©š— wkï GK ms‡e`bkxj c„w_exi
gv‡S evm K‡i| wkï Zvi cªv_wgK ev åbve¯’vq Aw¯—‡Z¡i g‡a¨B Avbymw½K cÖ‡qvRb I
Abyf~wZ m¤ú‡K© RvMÖZ _v‡K| †Kvb KviY ev djvdj QvovB †m Zvi Bw›`ªq Øviv †h mg¯—
evn¨ welq Abyfe K‡i Zv Amshy³ D‡Ïk¨nxb|
wØZxq chv©q, 1-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï wbR mZ¡v (¯^vaxbZv) m¤ú©‡K I Zvi
evB‡ii RMZ (ev¯—e) m¤ú©‡K m‡PZb n‡q D‡V| nuvUv Pjvi MwZ kw³ Ges wKQy AvZœwbqš¿Y
¶gZvi gva¨‡g wkï wb‡R‡K GKwU Avjv`v/¯^Zš¿ mZ¡v wn‡m‡e Abyfe K‡i|
Z…Zxq chv©q, 4-18 eQi eq‡m gw¯—‡®‹i ewn:¯—‡ii MVb Avf¨š—ixYfv‡e
mshy³ nq Ges e¨w³ wewfbœ aviYv I wPý wb‡q wPšZv Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq, mg¯—
ÒPZz¯ú`Ó cÖvYx‡KB WwM ejv nq| wKš‘ gw¯—‡®‹i ewn:¯—‡ii weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb
bvg, aviYv I ms‡KZ ¸‡jv wk‡L †d‡j DwÏcK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi mvnv‡h¨B gw¯—‡®‹i weKvk
N‡U| wkïi Rxe‡bi cÖ_g wZb eQ‡iB Lye `ª“Z gw¯—‡®‹i weKvk N‡U _v‡K| wVK GB mg‡q
evwoi †Kvb Ae¨e¯’vcbv ev Acywói Kvi‡Y hw` h_vh_ weKvk bv N‡U Z‡e cieZx©‡Z Zv
c~iY Kiv h‡_ó Kó mva¨ n‡q c‡o| cieZx© chv©q ¸‡jv cª_g wZb eQ‡ii b¨vq AZUv
msKUgq bq|
DwÏcK wµqvi cÖwZeÜKZv:
Abv_ Ae¯’vq wkï eÂbvi wkKvi
n‡j eq¯‹ nevi c‡i Zvi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvi Afve †_‡K hvq, cÖwZwµqvi †¶‡Î Lye
axi cÖK…wZi, mgm¨v mgvav‡b wcwQ‡q _v‡K, ¯^vejw¤^ n‡q IVvi †¶‡Î A`¶ Ges
†ivMgyw³i †ejvq cÖwZeÜK ¯^iƒc| Rš‘ (evbi) wewQbœ cwi‡e‡k †e‡o DV‡Z w`‡j
Abyf~wZ, †KŠZznj, mvgvwRK AvPiY Ges Ávb AR©‡bi †¶‡Î wcwQ‡qB _v‡K|
DwÏcK wµqv - cÖwZwµqvi
my‡kvwfZKiY:
cÖvYxi (evbi, B`yi) Dci
AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q †`Lv hvq †h, gw¯—‡®‹i IR‡bi †¶‡Î cwie©Zb N‡U Ges KLb I †Kv_vq
DwÏcK wµqv-cÖwZwµqv ¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K Zv ivmvqwbK we`¨v Avwe®‹vi K‡i| h_v©_ DwÏcK
wµqv cÖwZwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvYx †h A‡bK fvjfv‡eB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cvkv cvwk `„p n‡q
`uvov‡Z cv‡i Zv cÖgvYwm×| wkï‡`i †ejvqI GUv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ †h, AwZwi³ D‡ËRbvI
gw¯—‡®‹i wKQy wbw`©ó As‡ki weKvk NUvq; cieZx©‡Z cÖvß eq¯‹ wn‡m‡e G mg¯— e¨w³eM©
mvgvwRK wµqv cªwZwµqvi †¶‡Î AwZwi³ cÖwZwµqv NUv‡e|
Bw›`ªq Mvªn¨ chv©q, Rb¥
†_‡K 18 gvm :
cÖ_g gvmwU g~jZ: wkï ¯úk©,
¯^v` I MÜ Abyfe K‡i| cieZx© wØZxq gv‡m wkï ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z cvq Ges `~ieZx© e¯‘
mg~‡ni wel‡q aviYv jvf K‡i| Avi G †¶‡Îi KvRUv nj mvgvwRK ms‡hvRb Ges wek¦vm
ebvg Awek¦v‡mi msKUgq Ae¯’v| GB chv©‡q DÏxcK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi ˆewk‡ó¨i Zzjbvq Gi
cwigvbUvB g~L¨ welq| me© †kl `ywU chv©q ˆewkó¨B †ewk Avek¨K|
Bw›`ªqvi ¯^vaxbZv, 1-6:
GB chv©qUv nj nvuUvPjvi
MwZkw³, K_v ejv Ges AvZœwbqš¿‡Yi KvR| GQvov wbR Bw›`ª‡qi ¯^vaxbZv ebvg j¾v I
m‡›`‡niI msKUKvj|
Avš—: ewn:¯’ Drmvn, 4-18
eQi:
G‡¶‡Î †kLvi `¶Zv, `jxq
†Ljvayjv, wj‡½‡f‡` (GKwU evjK-evwjKv, cyi“l-bvix‡K wK n‡Z nq) `‡ji g‡a¨ †`Lv
nq|
Drmv‡ni msKUgqZv nj Zv, hv
wKbv Mfxi wPš—v cwiKíbv Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e wcZv gvZvi ZZ¡veav‡b Awfbq cš’vq KvR K‡i
Ges GBfv‡e GKRb e¨w³i AvZœcwiPq ev wbR¯^ aviYv ebvg e¨w³i g‡a¨ ‡Kv‡li Abyf~wZ
Ges wØav ؇›Øi g‡bvfve M‡o I‡V|
1-2 gvm:
-
wPeyK †h w`‡K
¯úk© K‡i _v‡K ‡mw`‡K eivei gv_v †njv‡bv _v‡K|
-
`y»cvb Ges
mn‡RB wMj‡Z mvg_© iv‡L|
-
Lye mn‡RB †Rv‡i
†Kvb kã n‡j Pg‡K D‡V|
-
IR‡b I j¤^vq
evo‡Z _v‡K|
-
mivmwi †h‡Kvb
e¨w³i gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K|
|
12-15 gvm:
-
gvgv, `v`v e‡j
WvK‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
-
Kv‡iv mvnv‡h¨
QvovB nvu‡U|
-
Kvc ev Mvm n‡Z
cvb K‡i|
- GKwU ej‡K Mwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
|
3-4 gvm:
-
Kvbœvi Zzjbvq
kãB †ewk _v‡K|
-
Ni Ni kã K‡i
Ges nv‡m|
-
wPr Ges Dcyi
n‡q _v‡K|
-
‡Kvb D¾¡j Av‡jv ev is Gi w`‡K gv_v Nywi‡q _v‡K|
- IR‡b I D”PZvq evo‡Z _v‡K|
|
15-18 gvm:
-
eB‡Z Qwe †`‡L I
c„ôv Dëvq|
-
PvgP Øviv wb‡RB
Lvq|
-
‡Kvb wKQy
†Vj‡Z, DVv‡Z Ges †dj‡Z w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
-
mvnv‡h¨ QvovB
nvu‡U|
-
K_v ejvi †Póv I
c~Ye©vi D”PviY K‡i|
-
‡Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm wb‡`©k K‡i †fv u‡fvu kã Ki‡Z _v‡K|
|
5-6 gvm:
-
‡Kvb e¯‘i w`‡K
GwM‡q hvq I Zv AR©b K‡i|
-
‡Ljbv GK nvZ
†_‡K Avi GK nv‡Z bvovPvov Ki‡Z _v‡K|
-
A‡b¨i cÖwZ Dˇi
nv‡m|
-
`yB w`‡KB wPr I
Dcyi n‡q _vK‡Z wk‡L|
- K‡qK †m‡KÊ emvi †¶‡Î fvimvg¨ iv‡L|
|
18-24 gvm:
-
2/3 wU kã
e¨envi K‡i Ges evK¨ ˆZix Kivi †¶‡Î 20 wU kã ZvwjKvI Av‡Q|
-
nvuUvi mgq
†h‡Kvb wRwbm enb Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j jvwV w`‡Z cvwi|
-
AbyivM cÖKv‡k;
Rwo‡q a‡i Ges Pz¤^b K‡i|
-
gv‡S gv‡S bv
e‡j|
-
mvgvb¨ wKQy
wRwbm wPey‡Z cv‡i|
-
mvaviY wKQy
wb‡`©kbv eyS‡Z cv‡i, ‡hgb- ÔAvgv‡K ejwU `vIÕ|
- ‡PvL, Kvb,
bvK, gyL BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó fv‡e †`Lv‡Z cv‡i|
|
6-9 gvm:
-
nvZ-cv bvovPvov
I †c‡Ui Dci fi w`‡q nvgv¸wo †`q|
-
A¯úó ¯^‡i K_v I
†Rv‡i †n‡m _v‡K, g„`y Pvcov‡bvi cvkvcvwk DuwK gviv ‡L‡j _v‡K|
-
¯^vaxb fv‡eB
e‡m|
- wbw`©ó ‡Kvb k‡ãi cÖwZ gv_v †Nvivq|
|
24-30 gvm:
-
Kv‡iv mvnvh¨
QvovB †L‡Z cv‡i|
-
‡`uŠov‡bvi
cvkvcvwk mvg‡bi w`‡K ej Qyu‡o w`‡Z cv‡i|
-
hLb wRÁvmv Kiv
nq cÖ_‡gB Zvi bvg e‡j|
-
Ab¨vb¨
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ †Ljvayjvq Avb›` cvq|
-
wKQy AvuKv
AvuwKi cvkvcvwk wnwRwewR K‡i wKQy wjL‡Z †Póv K‡i|
-
‡MvjvKvi RvZxq
`iRvi nvZj a‡i Nyivq Ges †cuP Ly‡j AvjMvI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
-
co‡Z Avb›` cvq|
|
1-2 gvm:
-
wPeyK †h w`‡K
¯úk© K‡i _v‡K ‡mw`‡K eivei gv_v †njv‡bv _v‡K|
-
`y»cvb Ges mn‡RB
wMj‡Z mvg_© iv‡L|
-
Lye mn‡RB †Rv‡i
†Kvb kã n‡j Pg‡K D‡V|
-
IR‡b I j¤^vq
evo‡Z _v‡K|
-
mivmwi †h‡Kvb
e¨w³i gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K|
3-4 gvm:
-
Kvbœvi Zzjbvq kãB
†ewk _v‡K|
-
Ni Ni kã K‡i Ges
nv‡m|
-
wPr Ges Dcyi n‡q
_v‡K|
-
‡Kvb D¾j Av‡jv ev
is Gi w`‡K gv_v Nywi‡q _v‡K|
-
IR‡b I D”PZvq
evo‡Z _v‡K|
5-6 gvm:
-
‡Kvb e¯‘i w`‡K
GwM‡q hvq I Zv AR©b K‡i|
-
‡Ljbv GK nvZ †_‡K
Avi GK nv‡Z bvovPvov Ki‡Z _v‡K|
-
A‡b¨i cÖwZ Dˇi
nv‡m|
-
`yB w`‡KB wPr I
Dcyi n‡q _vK‡Z wk‡L|
-
K‡qK †m‡KÊ emvi
†¶‡Î fvimvg¨ iv‡L|
6-9 gvm:
-
nvZ-cv bvovPvov I
†c‡Ui Dci fi w`‡q nvgv¸wo †`q|
-
A¯úó ¯^‡i K_v I
†Rv‡i †n‡m _v‡K, g„`y Pvcov‡bvi cvkvcvwk DwKu gviv ‡L‡j _v‡K|
-
¯^vaxb fv‡eB e‡m|
-
wbw`©ó ‡Kvb k‡ãi
cÖwZ gv_v †Nvivq|
9-12 gvm:
-
D‡V `uvovq|
-
‡QvU e¯‘ ¸‡jv
Zz‡j ‡bq|
-
nvZ I nvUzi Dci
fi w`‡q nvgv¸wo †`q, Kv‡iv `yB nvZ a‡i nvU‡Z _v‡K|
-
mvaviY wKQy kã
AbyKiY K‡i, we`vq †ejvq †m ÔevB evBÕ e‡j _v‡K|
-
wb‡RB em‡Z mvg_©
iv‡L|
12-15 gvm:
-
gvgv, `v`v e‡j
WvK‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
-
Kv‡iv mvnv‡h¨
QvovB nvu‡U|
-
Kvc ev Mvm n‡Z
cvb K‡i|
-
GKwU ej‡K Mwo‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i|
15-18 gvm:
-
eB‡Z Qwe †`‡L I
c„ôv Dëvq|
-
PvgP `veiv wb‡RB
Lvq|
-
‡Kvb wKQy †Vj‡Z,
DVv‡Z Ges †dj‡Z w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
-
mvnv‡h¨ QvovB
nvu‡U|
-
K_v ejvi †Póv I
c~Y©evi D”PviY K‡i|
-
‡Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm
wb‡`©k K‡i †fu‡fu kã Ki‡Z _v‡K|
18-24 gvm:
-
2/3 wU kã e¨envi
K‡i Ges evK¨ ˆZix Kivi †¶‡Î 20 wU kã ZvwjKvI Av‡Q|
-
nvuUvi mgq †h‡Kvb
wRwbm enb Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j jvwV w`‡Z cvwi|
-
AbyivM cÖKv‡k;
Rwo‡q a‡i Ges Pz¯^b K‡i|
-
gv‡S gv‡S bv e‡j|
-
mvgvb¨ wKQy wRwbm
wPey‡Z cv‡i|
-
mvaviY wKQy
wb‡`©kbv eyS‡Z cv‡i, ‡hgb- ÔAvgv‡K ejwU `vIÕ|
-
‡PvL, Kvb, bvK,
gyL BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó fv‡e †`Lv‡Z cv‡i|
24-30 gvm:
-
Kv‡iv mvnvh¨
QvovB †L‡Z cv‡i|
-
‡`Šov‡bvi
cvkvcvwk mvg‡bi w`‡K ej Qyu‡o w`‡Z cv‡i|
-
hLb wRÁvmv Kiv nq
cÖ_‡gB Zvi bvg e‡j|
-
Ab¨vb¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i
mv‡_ †Ljvayjvq Avb›` cvq|
-
wKQy AvuKv AvuwKi
cvkvcvwk wnwRwewR K‡i wKQy wjL‡Z †Póv K‡i|
-
‡MvjvKvi RvZxq
`iRvi nvZj a‡i Nyivq Ges †cuP Ly‡j AvjMvI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
-
co‡Z Avb›` cvq|
wK‡m weKv‡ki †¶‡Î wej¤^ nq?
wkïi
cÖ_g wZbeQi LyeB AZ¨vek¨Kxq| R‡b¥i ci †_‡K wZb eQi ch©š— gvbeÁv‡bi weKvk I
DbœwZ Lye Zivwš^Z nq|GB Kvi‡Y wkï‡K hZUzKz m¤¢e GKUv fvj m~Pbv †`qvi ¸i“Z¡
i‡q‡Q| wkïi cÖv_wgK Rxe‡bi `ye©jZv A_ev myß weKv‡ki wej‡¤^i KviY wbY©q I mvnvh¨
Kivi Dci wbf©i K‡i wkïi DbœZ Rxe‡bi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨| wb‡gœ ewY©Z ZvwjKvwU‡Z wkïi
weKv‡ki wKQy w`K D`vniYmn Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
Aek¨B
cÖ‡Z¨KwU wkïi (evjK/evwjKv) weKvk N‡U Zvi wbR¯^ cwi‡e‡k ev wbw`©ó GKwU MwʇZ
†_‡K, wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î hw` wkïi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î †Kvbiƒc wej¤^ N‡U, Z‡e G †¶‡Î †m †Kvb
weKvkg~jK †Kv‡m©i ga¨ w`‡q DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i ev Zvi weKv‡ki c_ ev †¶Î Av‡iv mnR
n‡Z cv‡i|
_vBi‡qW
Ggb GKwU MÖwš’ hvi Ae¯’vb n‡jv k¦vmbvjxi `yÕcv‡k, Avi G †_‡K wbM©Z †h ni‡gvb
G‡K ejv nq w_Iiw·b| _vBi‡q‡Wi Rb¨ Av‡qvwWb LyeB cÖ‡qvRb KviY w_Iiw·b Drcbœ Kivi
Rb¨, G†¶‡Î aiv hvK, †hgb- Rvgvjcyi- evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg MjMÊ Avµvš— we¯—…Z
GjvKv, Avi †hLv‡b wKbv mvaviY ˆ`bw›`b Avnvh©`ª‡e¨ Av‡qvwWb LyeB `~in ev RwUj
Ges †mRb¨ †mLv‡b GK weivU As‡ki †jvKRb MjMÊ †iv‡M Avµvš— nq|ch©vß cwigvY
w_Iiw·b Drcv`b cÖwµqvq MÖwš’ Lye eo AvKvi aviY K‡i| wKš‘ Mf©Kvjxb Ae¯’vq
Av‡qvwW‡bi ¯^íZvi `i“b f~wgô nIqv wkïwUi Rb¥vewa weKjv½ I nvev †evev nIqvi
m¤¢vebv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| GgZve¯’vq f’wgô be wkïwUi ¯^vfvweK weKvk e¨_© nq| f~wgô
nIqvi ciciB wkïwUi gvbwmK weKvk LyeB gš’i MwZ‡Z n‡e hw`bv w_Iiw·b mwVKgvÎvq
`ª“Z KvR K‡i|
c¨viv_vBi‡qW
MÖwš’ †`L‡Z PviwU †QvU ex‡Ri g‡Zv hv kix‡ii wcQ‡bi w`‡K _v‡K|G‡`i KvR n‡jv
ni‡gvb ¶wiZ Kiv hv kix‡i K¨vjwmqvg Ges dmdiv‡mi gvÎv wVK iv‡L| G `y‡Uv A‰Re
c`v_© hv k³ nvo Ges `uv‡Zi ewjôZv e„wׇZ LyeB DcKvix| hw` Gi †_‡K Lye Kg ni‡gvb
wbtm„Z nq Zvn‡j abyósKvi †iv‡M Avµvš— nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Gi d‡j †ckxi
Av‡c‡¶cb nq †Kvg‡i I †Rvov‡Z| Avevi GwU hw` AwaK gvÎvq Drcbœ nq Zvn‡j nvo I
`uvZ big Ges f½yi nq|
c¨vbvwµqvm
MÖwš’ j¤^v I njy` is‡qi nq| GwU Qq Bw j¤^v, GKwU gv_v, †jR Ges Ae¯’vb kix‡ii
wcQ‡b, cvK¯’wj I evg cuvR‡ii wb‡Pi w`‡K| GB MÖwš’ n‡Z †h ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq Zv
MÖwš’i wPwb‡K My‡Kv‡R cwiYZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †hb G¸‡jv †ckx‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Zv kw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nq|hw` AwaK cwigvY MÖwš’im wbM©Z nq, ZLb My‡KvR K‡g hvq
Ges gw¯—‡®‹ cÖ‡qvRbxq My‡KvR m„wó nqbv| d‡j e¨w³ `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges Kuvc‡Z
_v‡K|ZvB Zv‡K wPwb †L‡Z nq bZzev Zvi g„Zy¨I n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b `yÕwU kZ© j¶¨bxq:
cÖ_g kZ©wU n‡”Q eûg~Î Ges wØZxqwU n‡jv nvB‡cvwMmvwgqv|wcUzBUvwi ¶wiZ MÖwš’i‡m
m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
jvjvMÖwš’mg~n
†QvU Ges wÎfyR AvKv‡ii| G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU wKWbxi mvg‡b Dc‡i †kvqv‡bv| MÖwš’i
†K›`ªxq Ask MÖwš’i ni‡gvb Drcbœ K‡i|‡Pv‡Li gwY cÖmvwiZ K‡i fvj †`Lvi Rb¨, i³
mÂvjb ürwc‡Êi ¯ú›`b e„w× K‡i, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm e„w× K‡i ev `ª“Z K‡i| wcUzBUvix n‡Z
evwn¨K ni‡gvb Øviv wbqwš¿ZZv‡K mv‡K GwmW (†Ue) ejv nq hvi evwn¨K Ask †_‡K ¶wiZ
nq 30wUiI †ewk ni‡gvb|
D‡`ªKMÖwš’
ey‡Ki nvv‡ii wcQ‡b ¶Y¯’vqx GKwU Bw›`ªq| bq gvm eq‡m GwU me‡P‡q eo Ges `yB eQi
c‡i †Zgb m¼zwPZ nqbv| hw`I GwU ch©vqµ‡g cwiYZ eqm ch©š— ¯’vqx, ZeyI GB MÖwš’
kix‡ii i¶vcÖvß nIqvi Rb¨ DcKvix|
‡hŠbMÖwš’,
Mf©vkq I AÛ‡Kvl wcUzBUvix MÖwš’i ni‡gvb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 12 eQi eq‡m G‡`i GB
ni‡gvb i‡³ ¶wiZ nq| GB Mf©vk‡qi Kvi‡Y Ab¨ †h GKwU ni‡gvb wb:m„Z nq Zv‡K ejv nq
G‡÷v‡Rb| GB Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡`i kixi weKvkjvf K‡i ev GKRb c~Y©eZx bvix‡Z cwiYZ nq|
wcUzBUvixi im Øviv gwnjv‡`i ev †g‡q‡`i 28 w`‡bi gvwmK PµwUI cwiPvwjZ nq| hv
cÖvq 45 eQi n‡j ax‡i ax‡i n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| GKBfv‡e wcUzBUvix Øviv †Q‡j‡`i ïµvbyi
ni‡gvb e„wׇZ ms‡KZ †`q| GiKg ni‡gv‡bi Rb¨ (‡U‡÷ªi‡bi) Rb¨ cyi“‡li PvwiwÎK
ˆewk‡ó¨i DbœwZ nq| ‡hgb: `vwo MRvq, Mjvi ¯^i cwieZ©b nq,Kuva e„w× cvq Ges
gvsm‡ckx e„w× cvq| GwU AvµgYvZ¥K n‡Z Ges †hŠb AvMÖn e„wׇZ AZ¨š— mnvqK f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
e¨w³Z¡ MVb:
g‡bvwe`¨vq
gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b eskMwZ ev cwi‡ek †KvbwU †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y© - Gwel‡q GK my`xN©
weZK© i‡q‡Q| GKB weZK© `k©bkv‡¯¿I †`Lv hvq, †c‡Uvi ÒRb¥MZ aviYvÓ ebvg Gwi÷U‡ji
Òk~Y¨ cvZvÓ aviYvi g‡a¨| Avgv‡`i AvPvi AvPiY wK DËivaxKvim~‡Î cÖvß bvwK wk¶vi
gva¨‡g AwR©Z? g‡bvwe`¨v wK g~jZ ˆwnK bvwK gvbwmK? Avgiv wK cÖK…wZi bvwK
(eskMwZi) jvwjZ cvwj‡Zi d‡j m„ó e¯‘? †`nMZ gvbyl eskMwZ Øviv Av”Qbœ, Avf¨š—ixY
gvbm( ) gvbylI †Zgwb Av”Qbœ Z‡e
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg cwigv‡Y| dª‡qW GKwU weL¨vZ bxwZevK¨ e‡j‡Qb-Ò Rxewe`¨vB wbqwZÓ|
AvPiYev`x g‡bvwe`MY cwi‡e‡ki cÖv_wgK cÖfv‡ei Dci `„pfv‡e wek¦vm K‡ib| gvbeev`x
g‡bvwe‡`i (`„k¨Z g‡bvwe`¨v)†ejvqI wVK †Zgwb N‡U Z‡e GKUz Kg cwigv‡Y| GLb cÖkœ
n‡jv –Avgv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ wK mvgvwRKfv‡e ‡ewk wba©vwiZ nq bvwK Rb¥MZfv‡e †ewk
wba©vwiZ nq? gvby‡li cwi‡ek ïi“ nq ZLb †_‡K hLb †_‡K ïµvby wW¤^vbyi mv‡_ wg‡k
wµqv ïi“ K‡i Ges Gi †kl nq g„Zy¨i c‡i|GwU Avkve¨ÄK I wek¦vm‡hvM¨ †h, Avgvi
wbqwZ cwi‡ek Ges e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges Gfv‡e Avgvi m¤¢vebviI †Kvb
Aš— †bB|
hvB
†nvK, eskMwZi Rb¨B GKRb gvbyl bvix ev cyi“l, Pvgov, †PvL, Pzj, ‰`wnK MVb, bvox
¯ú›`b cÖf„wZ wb‡q Rb¥vq Ges G¸‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ Ggb Qvc †d‡j †h Zvi g‡Zv †Kvb Kv‡j
†KD Rb¥vqwb ev Rb¥v‡eI bv| me RxeB DËivwaKvi m~‡Î mnRvZ cÖe„wË cvq|mnRvZ cÖe„wZ
n‡jv GKwU ˆRweK Zvobv ev AvKv•¶v hv †Kvb GKwU cÖRvwZi mKj m`‡m¨i †ej‡ZB
mvaviYfv‡e _v‡K| †hgb: cvwL evmv ˆZwi K‡i, gvKomv Rvj ey‡b| gvby‡li cÖavb `ywU
cÖe„wË n‡jv- wb‡R‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi Zvobv Ges esk e„w×i ZvwM`| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
Lv‡`¨i Zvobv Ges m½x cvIqvi ZvwM`| G`ywUi g‡a¨ Lv‡`¨i ZvobvB kw³kvjx| †Kbbv
gvbyl †hŠbvPvi QvovI myLx Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Lv`¨ Qvov `xN© Rxeb hvcb
Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|GwU cÖgvwYZ †h †cvKvgvKo I RxeRš‘iv eskMwZi gva¨‡g `xN© cwim‡i GwU
†c‡q _v‡K| †gRvR¸‡jvI DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß|‡gRvR n‡jv Rxe‡`‡ni Ggb cÖeYZv hv GKwU
wbw`©ó aviv‡Z Av‡ewMKfv‡e cÖwZwµqv K‡i|Rxe‡`‡ni wPwKrmKMY gvby‡li g‡a 5ai‡bi
†gRvR j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i g‡a¨ PviwU wn‡cvµvU&m KZ©„K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Ges cÂgwU
n‡jv fxi“Zv hv †mB †jvK¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv‡`i Rb¥MZfv‡e †Kvb ¶‡Zi ev Pv‡ci fq
Av‡Q|
wKQ~
kvixwiK `ye©jZv Avgiv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jvf Kwi, †hgb i‡³i wKQz Amy¯’Zv, †Kv‡li
`ye©jZv I _¨vjv‡mwgqv, eY©nxbZv, AZ¨waK i³cv‡Zi cÖeYZv, ¶xYeyw×Zv, KwVb P¶z†ivM
nvbwUsU‡bi K¤úb †ivM, gvsm‡ckxi `ye©jZv|wc.†K.BD. †ivM n‡j beRvZK †cÖvwUb nRg
Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| hw` KwP eq‡m mwVKfv‡e †ivM wbY©q Kiv bv nq Z‡e GB †cÖvwUb msKU
weKvi I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx m„wó K‡i|
gvbexq
wUmy¨ †Kv‡li g‡a¨ 23 †Rvov ev 46wU †µv‡gvRg _v‡K| 23wU Av‡m ïµvYy †_‡K I 23wU
wW¤^vYy †_‡K| GK GKwU †KÎv‡gvRg n‡jv LwÊZ wWGbG| GB `xN© LwÊZ bvjxi g‡a¨
Rxb¸‡jv Ro n‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †µv‡gvR‡gi wbw`©wó Rxb¸‡jvi MVb †R‡bwUK †KvW M‡o
†Zv‡j hv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î Rb¥MZ ¸Y¸‡jv‡K eskvbyµwgKfv‡e n¯—vš—i K‡i|cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvix
wW¤^vYy‡Z 23wU - †µv‡gvRg; cÖ‡Z¨KwU cyi“l ïµvYy‡Z 23wU A_ev 22wU Ñ Gi m‡½ 1wU -
†µv‡gvRg _v‡K|hw` - †µv‡gvRghy³ ïµvYy wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq Zvn‡j GwU – n‡e(
†g‡q); Avi hw` - hy³ ïµvYy wgwjZ nq Zvn‡j wkïwU n‡e cyi“l--|Zvn‡j GKRb evevB
wkïi †hŠbv½ wba©viY K‡i| Aek¨B GwU GKwU LuvwU my‡hvM †h, wW¤^vYy †Kvb ïµvYy
cv‡e| cÖ‡Z¨Kevi ïµvYy wbM©Z nIqvi mgq cÖvq 3 wgwjqb ïµvYy †Kvl wbM©Z nq|bvix
cÖvq 7 j¶ AbybœZ wW¤^vYy wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K wW¤^vYy I ïµvYyiB GKwU Avjv`v
Ges ¯^Zš¿ Rx‡bi MVb ev †R‡bwUK †KvW Av‡Q, ZvB m¤¢vebv¸‡jvI Acwimxg|GUv‡K Rxb
cyj ( Rx‡bi †Wvev) ejv nq| GB †Wev Avwg Avgvi c~e©cyi“‡li KvQ †_‡K †hme m¤¢ve¨
¸Y¸‡jv DËivwaKvim~‡Î cvIqvi K_v †m¸‡jv‡K aviY K‡i iv‡L| hw` GKRb, gvÎ 10 cyi“l
wcQb wd‡i ZvKvB, Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve, 1024 wcZv-gvZvgn GB Rx‡bi †Wvev‡Z Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Q| wm‡Rv‡d«wbqv bvgK gvbwmK e¨vwa eskvYyµwgKfv‡eB cÖvß; hw`I G †ivM K‡qK
cyi“l a‡i we¯—…Z _v‡K| GKBfv‡e welv`MÖ¯’Zv ev welbœZvI cvwievwiKfv‡e Pj‡Z †`Lv
hvq| ‡b½v I (†Weiv ) eskMwZi wfwˇZB n‡q _v‡K e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
wb‡gœv³
j¶Y¸‡jv GKwU Rb¥MZ mgm¨v hv n‡q _v‡K †µv‡gvRg ΓwUi Kvi‡Y| GB Amy¯’Zv mbv³ Kiv
hvq Aí eyw× Ges kvixwiK A¯^vfvweKZv, ‡hgb †QvU AvK„wZ I eo gyLgÛj †`‡L| GwU
eskMZ †ivM bq, wKš‘ Rb¥MZ ΓwUi Kvi‡Y GwU n‡q _v‡K|
1959
Lªx: GwU Avwe¯‹…Z nq †h, GKwU AwZwi³ †µv‡gRg GB †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx| De©i wW¤^vby
46 wU †µv‡gvRg Gi RvqMvq 47wU †µv‡gvRg aviY K‡i| AwZwi³ †µv‡gRg †hwU Rb¥ mgm¨v
m„wó K‡i †mwU cvIqv hvq 21bs †µv‡gvRg Gi c‡i| GB †iv‡M Avµvš— wkïi gyL nq eo,
†PvL nq euvKv, wRnŸv nq eo Ges Pvgov
cvZjv nq| Zvi gv_vi wcQ‡bi w`KUv _v‡K mgvb, Ges Zvi Mjvi myi nq KK©l|
gw¯—‡¯‹i ΓwUi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZewÜZ¡
bvbv ai‡Yi n‡q _v‡K| Gme wkïi fvjevmv cvevi cÖeYZv _v‡K Ges Lye mn‡R
Zv‡`i hZœ †bIqv hvq| m‡š—vlRbK Ges mgqgZ cÖwk¶b Gi mvnv‡h¨ Gme wkï Zzjbvg~jK
fv‡e djcÖmy Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB A¯^vfvweKZv‡K e‡j g½jxRg (Mongolism)| 500
R‡bi g‡a¨ 1 Rb wkïi GB †ivM n‡Z cv‡i, evsjv‡`‡k eQ‡i GB msL¨v `uvovq 50,000
R‡bi gZ| GB ‡ivM †ekx †`Lv hvq 40 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i †¶‡Î|
Retardation: cÖwZewÜZ¡ ev
gw¯—‡¯‹i Ach©vß e„w× ¯^vfvweK avivq wk¶v MÖn‡bi ÿgZv‡K A‡hvM¨ K‡i iv‡L| c„w_exi
mKj ‡`‡k 3 kZvsk wkï cÖwZeÜx| evsjv‡`‡k GB msL¨v 3 wgwjqb| Zvi gv‡b nj
e¨w³i IQ 70 Gi Kg| Mo IQ nj 100| Gme
wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 85kZvsk g„`y cÖwZewÜ hv‡`i IQ nj 50-70 Gi g‡a¨| mvaviYZ Zv‡`i †Kvb
kvwiixK ΓwU _v‡Kbv Ges hLb Zviv wkï ZLb mn‡R Zv‡`i wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘
Zv‡`i c‡ÿ ¯‹z‡j hvIqv, covkybv Kiv Ges
eÜz‡`i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Pjv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
Z‡e
Zv‡`i cÖv_wgK cov‡jLv, AsK †kLv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Zviv wbR mvg‡_©¨ Pj‡Z cv‡i|
G‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K e„wׇc‡q Zv‡`i mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx PvKwi I mgv‡R GKwU RvqMv †Luv‡R
Ges Zviv gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nqbv| 80%wkïi †¶‡Î GiKg nq †h R‡b¥i mgq
`~N©Ubv, e„wׇZ ΓwU, wbb¥ cywógvb, Ges Mf©ve¯’vq Amy¯’Zv, wkï Ae¯’vq Amy¯’ZvI
Gi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| Rb¥ve¯’vq †hŠbe¨vax Ges nvg †ivM gv‡qi ga¨ ‡_‡K wkïi g‡a¨
cÖ‡ek K‡i|
Intelligence: eyw×e„wË AvswkK
eskMZ Ges AvswkK mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| GKRb e¨w³i AwfÁZv mg„× K‡i
Zvi eyw×e„wË e„w× Kiv hvq| †Kvb e¨w³i eyw×e„wË cwigvc Kiv wbf©i K‡i e¨w³i
wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Kivi g~j¨vq‡bi Dci| eyw×e„wË nj GKRb e¨w³i †hŠw³K wPš—v
Kivi ¶gZv, GKwU wbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ KvR Kiv, wbR Rxeb Kvh©Kixfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv|
Ab¨K_vq GwU nj, e¨w³i cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ fvc LvIqv‡bv I wbqš¿Y Kivi mvg_©¨ ev
†hvM¨Zv|
Hydrocephalus: gw¯—‡K
Zij c`v_© Rgv nIqv: R‡b¥I ci wkïi gv_v A¯^vfvweK e„w× cvq Ges Gi KviY nj
gw¯—‡Ki `ywU eo M‡Z©i Aei“×Zv| cÖ`v‡ni Kvi‡Y †hme cÖYvjx †gi“`Û canal-G
Zijc`v_© †cÖiY K‡i †m¸‡jv eÜn‡q hvq| ‡h‡nZz gv_vi Lywj ZLbI bó nqwb ZvB gv_v
AvKv‡i e„w× cvq Ges gv_vi Lywj‡Z eo wkiv †`Lv hvq| GKRb wPwKrmK wUDe w`‡q
gw¯—‡Ki M‡Z© Zij c`v_© Rgv nIqv eÜ K‡i †`b|
Cramiun: (gw¯—‡Ki me‡P‡q
Kv‡Qi Lywj) Gi wfZ‡i Pvc gw¯—‡¯‹i ¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i hw`bv Pvc ZvovZvwo AcmviY
Kiv nq| Ab¨_vq wkï gvivZ¥K fv‡e cÖwZeÜx n‡q co‡Z cv‡i, †m‡¶‡Î Zvi gv_vi Lywj
e„w× cvq|
Encephalitis-gw¯—‡Ki cÖ`vn : gw¯—‡Ki R¡vjvZb
mvavibZ nq AvµgbvZ¥K msµvgK Gi Øviv| GB †ivM cï †_‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ msµwgZ nq
†hgb; gkv, gvwQ, i³‡Pvlv KxU, DKzb BZ¨vw` Øviv| GQvov GUv GRgv fvBivm ØvivI nq,
hvi d‡j Rjemš—, MjgÛj dz‡j DVv, R¡i, m`x©, Pg©‡ivM BZ¨vw` nq|
Rabbias and Encephalities:
nj `ywU gw¯—‡Ki cÖ`vn †ivM| Ab¨vb¨ †ivM Øviv m„ó mgm¨vi mgq fvBivm gw¯—¯‹ Avµgb K‡i| Ges nVvr cÖPÛ gv_v e¨v_v, R¡i, A¯^w¯—,
ewgewgfve, c‡i wLPzwb, Ges wb‡¯—Rfve n‡Z cv‡i|
wewfbœ
Kvi‡b Nv‡oi gvsm †ckx k³ n‡q hvq Ges Gi Pig chv©‡q †ivMx AÁvb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
hw` GB fvBivm (Rxevby) Øviv chv©ß cwigv‡b bv©f Zš¿ aŸsm cÖvß nq Ges my¯’¨ nIqvi
ci wkïiv A¯^vfvweK, we¶z× ev D‡ËwRZ ¯^fv‡ei nq Ges G‡`i wbqš¿b Kiv KwVb n‡q
c‡o| hLb Zviv eo nq ZLb Zviv feNy‡i ev Aw¯’i I ‡e‡Lqvwj ¯^fv‡ei †jvK n‡Z cv‡i| eq¯‹iv,
hviv gw¯—®‹ cÖ`vn †iv‡M fy‡M Ges hw` Zv‡`i Kvh©Ki bvf© ¸‡jv bó n‡q hvq, ZLb GwU
†KvlZš¿‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hvid‡j nvZ Kvuc‡Z _v‡K, nvuUvPjvq msMwZnxb †`Lv
hvq| e¨v‡±wiqv msµvgK (Bb‡dKkb) cÖwZ‡iva bv Kivi d‡jI GB †ivM n‡Zcv‡i|
cÖavb
ev †Kw›`ªq mœvqyZ‡š¿i Kvh©cÖbvjxi GKwU evav n‡jv g„Mx‡ivM (Bailouay)| cÖvPxb
Kvj n‡ZB gvbyl GB †ivM‡K fq K‡i I fyj ey‡S Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 1 wgwjq‡bi gZ
g„Mx‡ivMx Av‡Q| Dchy³ wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g G‡`i †ewki fvMB mvaviY Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GB †ivM e¨w³i †evakw³‡K ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i| A‡bK gnvb e¨w³Z¡ †hgb mxRvi,
†b‡cvwjqb Ges evB‡ivb GB †iv‡M Kó †c‡q‡Q| mœvqy‡Kvl †_‡K AZ¨vwaK ˆe`ywZK PvP©
bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y gw¯—‡®‹ GB iKg †Mvj‡hvM †`Lv †`q| hvid‡j mPviPi †h †Kvb kvixwiK
ev gvbwmK AvNvZ Rb¥MZ Amy¯’¨Zv, Nv, welwµqv ev wUDgvi n‡Z cv‡i| GKRb g„Mx‡ivMx
e¨w³i gw¯—‡®‹ AZ¨vwaK K‡¤úv‡bi m„wó nq Ges GUv ˆe`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i gva¨‡g wbqš¿b
Kiv hvq|
wZb
cÖKv‡ii g„Mx‡ivM Av‡Q: (Epilepsy)
Grand
mal: Pig ch©v‡qi ev ¸i“Zi Amy¯’¨Zv: GB cÖKv‡ii
seizure (ü`‡ivM) e¨w³i Abyf~wZ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf K‡i hv †ivMx‡K kZ©K K‡i †`q Ges gv‡S
g‡a¨ †m wLuPzwb ïi“ nIqvi Avf¨vm cvq| mbœ¨vm †iv‡Mi wLuPywb Avi¤¢ nevi Av‡M
†ivMxwU e¨w³wbô Abyf~wZi (aura) mgq Kv‡jv `vM †`L‡Z cv‡i, `yM©Ü †c‡Z cv‡i, Lye
D‡ËwRZ n‡q co‡Z cv‡i, gv_v wSgwSg Ki‡Z cv‡i, Mvwoi kã ï‡b †c‡U ev cvK¯’wj‡Z
hš¿bv n‡Z cv‡i ev wKQy gvsm †ckx‡Z K‡¤úvb ïi“ n‡Z cv‡i| kxNÖB seizure ïi“ nq
Ges e¨w³wU gvwU‡Z c‡o hvq| GB Ae¯’v gvÎ `yB wgwbU ¯’vqx nq| cÖ_g wgwb‡Ui mgq
kixi k³ n‡q c‡o, evû ¸‡jv wb‡Ri gZ KvR Ki‡Z D×Z nq, nvZ ¸‡jv gywóe× nq Ges
k¦vm-cÖk¦vm eÜ n‡q hvq| 2q wgwb‡Ui mgq dzmdzm n‡Z evZvm Lye †Rv‡i Kvbœvmn †ei
n‡q Av‡m| ZLb gvsm †ckx¸‡jv msKzwPZ n‡q Av‡m Ges A½-cÖZ½ ¸‡jv‡Z SvuKzwb ïi“ n‡q
hvq, †Pvqvj Ly‡j hvq I Avevi eÜ nq| GB Kvi‡b d‡j gyÎ_wj Ges A‡š¿i wbqš¿b nviv‡Z
cv‡i| gyL n‡Z †dbv †ei n‡q Av‡m hZ¶b ch©š— gy‡L wKQy †`Iqv bv nq| wRnŸv Ges
Mv‡ji wfZ‡i Kvgov‡bv ïi“ nq| e¨w³i gv_v e¨_v ïi“ n‡e, K¬vš— I w`avMÖ¯’ n‡q
co‡e| c‡i K‡qK N›Uvi Rb¨ Mfxi Nyy‡g Av”Qbœ n‡e| hw` †ivMxwU‡K WªvM †_ivwc
(wPwKrmv) †`Iqv bv nq Zvn‡j w`‡bi wewfbœ mg‡q seizure (ü`‡ivM) n‡Z cv‡i A_ev
cÖwZ eQ‡i GKevi †`Lv w`‡Z |
Peti
mal: Aí ev jNy Amy¯’¨Zv: Seizure (ü`‡ivM) GKwU †QvU
blackout or lapse (gvbwmK fvimv‡g¨i we‡jvc) Gi Øviv MwVZ nq| e¨w³wU nVvr Zvi
KvR _vwg‡q †`q Ges D`vm fv‡e (nZf¤^ n‡q) w¯’i `„wó‡Z ZvwK‡q _v‡K †hb †m
w`ev-¯^cœ †`L‡Q| 10 n‡Z 15 †m‡KÛ c‡i e¨w³wU Avevi KvR Kiv ïi“ K‡i| Cpilenary †Z
e¨w³wU m‡PZb _v‡K ev hv N‡U‡Q Zv ¯§ib Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB jNy Amy¯’¨Zvi †¶‡Î
gvsm‡ckx‡Z Aí SvuKzwbi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Ges gv_v bZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GB †ivM ïay gvÎ
hyeK‡`i n‡q _v‡K Ges GB j¶YwU 30 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ †_‡g hvq|
Psychomotor
epilepsy: gvbwmK g„Mx‡ivM: e¨w³wU Zvi eÜzi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z
cv‡i; nVvr †m K_v ejv eÜ Ki‡e, nvuUv ïi“ Ki‡e Ges wKQy A_©nxb KvR Ki‡e A_ev †m
†mLv‡b _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Dcjw×i Amvaxq wkïi gZ A¯úó K_v ejv ïi“ K‡i| K‡qK wgwbU
c‡i †m cybivq m‡PZbZv wd‡i cvq; hv †m Am‡PZb fv‡e K‡iwQj| g„Mx‡iv‡Mi †ewki fvM
Ae¯’vB anticonvulsant bvgK Jla Øviv wbqš¿b Kiv hvq| ewfl‡Z, mv‡R©biv gw¯—‡®‹i
†Kvl ¸‡jvi PvR© bv nIqvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b ¯^¶g n‡Z cv‡i A_ev GKwU gw¯—®‹ pacemaker
mviwKU ‡eªKvi wnmv‡e ˆe`y¨wZK PvR© bv nIqvi mgm¨v cÖwZ‡iva K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Apoplexy (AvKw¯§K
AvNv‡Zi Kvi‡b gw¯—‡®‹i Kvh© ¶gZv †jvc cvq), GwU †óªvK wnmv‡eI cwiwPZ, GwU GgbB
GKwU Ae¯’v hv gw¯—‡®‹ i³ RgvU A_ev i³¶iY †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i hvi d‡j e¨w³ Aem n‡q
hvq Ges K_v ejvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| eq¯‹ †jv‡Kiv hviv GB †iv‡M f~‡M Zv‡`i agbx
¸‡jv k³ n‡q hvq| GB Ae¯’v i³ RgvU ev i³¶i‡Yi Kvib nq| mvaviYZ †Kvb mZK©Zv QvovB
nVvr †óªvK nq, Ges ïay kix‡ii GKUv w`‡K Aem n‡q hvq| hw` e¨w³wU †eu‡P hvq
†mB‡¶‡Î e¨w³wUi nviv‡bv mewKQy ev AvswkK cybivq wd‡i cvevi GKUv fvj m¤¢vebv _v‡K,
†mB mv‡_ K_v ejv mn Zš¿¸‡jvi e¨envi| GK Rb e¨w³ eo †óªv‡Ki †P‡q avivevwnK ¶z`ª
†óªvK Øviv Av‡iv †ewk Kó †c‡Z cv‡i| GB ¶z`ª †óªvK ¸‡jvi Kvi‡b Zš¿ ev gy‡Li w`K
Aem Abyfe n‡Z cv‡i| GB Aí Avµgb ¸‡jv eo †óªvK Øviv Abymib K‡i| †óªvK ¸‡jv g~jZ
40 eQi eq‡mi ci †jvK‡`i AvNvZ K‡i wKš‘ GUv hyeK‡`i GgbwK wkï‡`iI n‡Z cv‡i|
g`¨cvbvmw³
(Alcoholism)
n‡jv GgbB GKwU Ae¯’v hv AwZwi³ g`¨cvbxq cvb Kivi Rb¨ nq| Ae‡k‡l Avµvš— e¨w³wU‡K
g`¨cvb Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK j¶¨ I g~j¨ Z¨vM¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| `xN©¯’vqx g`¨cvb Kivi Kvi‡b cÖavb mœvqyZ‡š¿i
Kvh©cÖbvjx ¶wZMª¯’ nq Ges Zv‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e g`¨vcvb Kivi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| g`¨cvb
Kivi d‡j Ggb Ae¯’v n‡Z cv‡i hv‡K cÖej
D‡ËvwRZ (DT’s) ejv nq| GB Ae¯’v mvavibZ 3 †_‡K 6 w`b ¯’vqx nq| DT’s †Z Avµvš—
e¨w³ gvK©mv I †cvKvgvKo †`‡L AvZw¼Z n‡q hvq| kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq, AwZwi³
Nvg †eo nq, ü`¯ú›`b Lye `ª“Z nq, †c‡Ui Amy¯’¨Zv nq, nvZ, wRnŸv Ges †VvU ¸‡jv
Lvivc fv‡e Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| hLb GB Ae¯’v †kl nq ZLb †m Mfxi Ny‡g Av”Qbœ nq| c‡i †m
A¯úó GK fqvZ© gwZå‡gi g‡a¨ c‡o| GB Ae¯’v Zv‡K Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ g`¨cvb Kiv n‡Z weiZ
iv‡L|
wKQy
†ivM †hgb ¸i“gw¯—®‹ msµvš— agbx †ivM; (Cerebral arteriosclerosis) AKvj evשK¨
RwbZ †ivM Ges mœvqyZ‡š¿i (Parkinson) †ivM hv eqm e„w×i ev evש‡Ki mv‡_ mshy³|
¯^í i³ cÖevn †ivMwU †ewki fvM ga¨ eq‡¯‹v gwnjv‡`i n‡q _v‡K| gw¯—‡®‹ i³ PjvPj
KwVb n‡q c‡o Ges †ivMx m„wZ kw³ nvivq, Abyf~wZ ¸‡jv A¯’vqx nq, K_v ej‡ZI
Amyweav nq| Gi Kvib ARvbv Ges GB Ae¯’vwU cwiev‡ii w`‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i| mœvqyZ‡š¿i
AKvh©KvwiZv (Parkinson) †ivMwU 50 n‡Z 70 eQi eq‡mi †jv‡K‡`i g‡a¨ AvNvZ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq GK
j‡¶i gZ GB iKg NUbv Av‡Q| e¨w³i gvbwmK ¶gZvq GwU Avµvš— K‡ibv, wKš‘ nv‡Zi
gvsm‡cmx mg~n Kvuc‡Z _v‡K, cv `y‡Uv k³ n‡q hvq, nvm‡Z cv‡ibv A_ev gy‡Li
gvsm†ckx e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| K_v A¯úó nq, Ges wjL‡Z Kó nq| gw¯—‡®‹i thalamus Gi
(ga¨ gw¯—‡®‹i) mœvqy‡Kv‡li Aa:cwZZ nIqvi Kvi‡b GwU N‡U _v‡K| hw` †ivMxwU‡K
Dopamine Gi gZ L - dopa †`Iqv nq Z‡e K¤úb Ges Ab¨vb¨ j¶Y `~i n‡q hvq| Dopamine
n‡”Q gw¯—‡®‹i mœvqyZ‡š¿i ¯’vbvš—i| g‡b Kiv nq †h, GB ni‡gv‡bi Afv‡ei Kvi‡b
mœvqyZš¿ aŸsk n‡q hvq| hvB †nvK GB †iv‡Mi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvibwU ARvbv|
Sids,
nVvr K‡i wkï g„Zz¨i j¶Y ev wkï kh¨v g„Zz¨, GB g„Zz¨ nq ¯^v¯’¨evb wkïi †¶‡Î|
mvaviYZ Ny‡gi mgq Ges iv‡Z GB g„Zz¨ nq| avibv Kiv nq †h, eQ‡i cÖvq 5000 Gi Dc‡i
wkï GB fv‡e gviv hvq| Lye m¤¢eZ 4 mvßvn †_‡K 7 gvm eq‡mi wkïiv cÖwZ nvRv‡i 2 Rb
K‡i nVvr k¦vm-cÖk¦vm eÜ n‡q gviv hvq| cyivZb wbq‡g GwUi D‡jL Av‡Q Ges GwU‡K
ejv nq overlaying ev wkïwUi Dc‡i ïqv Kvib g‡b Kiv nq †h, gv Ny‡gi g‡a¨ `yN©Ubv
µ‡g wkïwUi Dc‡i Mwo‡q c‡i ev wkïwU‡K Pvcv †`q Ges wkïwUi k¦vm-cÖk¦vm eÜ n‡q
hvq| cÖK…Z Kvib ARvbv wKš‘ GwU Lye m¤¢eZ mœvqyZ‡š¿i e„w×i ΓwUi Kvi‡b nq| GB
mgm¨v k¦m-cÖk¦v‡mi g‡a¨ wb‡R wb‡R n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev B‡jKwUªK¨vj ms‡K‡Zi Kvi‡b n‡Z
cv‡i hv ü`q wbqš¿b K‡i|
Electric
shock treatment: ‰e`y¨wZK ev B‡jKwUªK kK wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K ‰e`y¨wZK wLuPzwb
wPwKrmv (electric convulsive therapy) ejv nq| B wm wU wPwKrmv c×wZ gv‡S g‡a¨
RwUj welbœ †ivMxi †¶‡Î, we‡kl K‡i ¸i“Zi gvbwmK †ivMx Ges bvixi FZzeÜ j¶Y mg~‡ni
†¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| †ivMxwU‡K Nygv‡Z w`‡Z nq ZLb †ivMxi gv_vq Zwor cÖevn
(electrode) ¯úk© Kiv nq| GK ev Aa© †m‡K‡Ûi Kg mg‡qi Rb¨ 100 †fv‡ëi we`y¨r
gw¯—‡®‹i m¤§yL w`‡K cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| GwU we`y¨r bq wKš‘ ‰e`y¨wZK wLuPzwb
(convulsive) hv †ivMx‡K my¯’¨ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †Kb GUv KvR K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv
nqwb| 1935 mv‡j GwU cÖ_g e¨envi Kiv nq| bZzb wPwKrmv c×wZ ev WªvM Avwe®‹v‡ii
d‡j GB B wm wU LyeB Kg e¨envi nq| GB B wm wU c×wZ mgq mv‡c¶ Ges RwUj| GUv m¤¢eZ
gw¯—‡®‹i wKQy †QvU LvU ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| wKQy †ivMx Awf‡hvM K‡i †h, Gi d‡j Zviv
Zv‡`i ¯§„wZ kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q|
`y‡Uv bZzb Jla Avwe®‹v‡ii
d‡j 1950 mv‡j gvbwmK †ivM I mvaviY kh¨vkvqx †ivM mg‡Ü GKUv wece n‡qwQj| 1940
mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K d«v‡Ý †K¬vi‡cªvgvRvBb Avwe®K…Z nq Ges 1950 mv‡j wjw_qvg cwi¶xZ
nq A‡÷ªwjqvi GKRb Wv³vi Øviv| †K¬vi‡cÖvgvRvBb mvnvh¨ K‡i wm‡Rv‡d«wbK Ges
c¨vivb‡qW †ivMx‡`i fvj wPwKrmv ‡`evi †¶‡Î Ges wjw_qvg mvnvh¨ K‡i welbœZv Avµvš—
†ivMx‡`i †¶‡Î| Gmg¯— Jlya Avwe®‹v‡ii c~‡e© BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKv‡Z A‡bK gvbwmK
nvmcvZvj ¯’vqxfv‡e †ivMx‡`i Øviv c~Y© wQj Ges Zv‡`i mviv Rxeb Gme nvmcvZv‡j
e›`x Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z nZ| hLb †`Lv †Mj Gme Jly‡ai Øviv KvR nq ZLb †ivMx‡`i‡K Zv‡`i
¯’vbxq GjvKv ev evox‡Z cvwV‡q †`qv nq †hLv‡b Zviv wbqwgZ Jlya MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
wPwKrmv wb‡Z cvi‡e| cÖvqB Zviv hLb c~‡e©i gZ Lvivc Ae¯’vq coZ ZLb cybivq wKQy
mg‡qi Rb¨ nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q Avmv nZ Ges hLb Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nZ ZLb Zv‡`i †Q‡o †`Iqv
nZ| GUv‡K ejv nq †`v`yj¨gvb `iRv bxwZ c×wZ| †K¬vi‡cÖvgvRvBb‡K ejv nq
cÖkvš—Kvix/kvš— Ges wjw_qvg Kve©‡bU/A½vi A¤jeY‡K GK cÖKvi welbœZv we‡ivax ejv nq| †Kb Ges wKfv‡e GB Jlya¸‡jv †eª‡bi
g‡a¨ Zv‡`i dj/KvR †`Lvq Zv GLb ch©š— GKUv wPš—vi welq|
DBwjqvg
†kjW‡gi M‡elYvi gva¨‡g g‡bvweÁv‡bi mvsweavwbK ZË¡ DbœZ n‡q‡Q| wZwb †Kvb e¨w³i
kvixwiK MVb, Zvi gvbwmK I ˆ`wnK cÖK„wZ †gRvR I gvbwmK e¨vwaMÖ¯— e¨vcvi G¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ m¤úK© Ly‡Ru †ei Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib| wZwb eskMwZi Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb, KviY GK
G‡KK R‡bi kvixwiK MVb Rb¥MZfv‡e wba©vwiZ| gvby‡li g‡a¨ wZb ai‡bi AvKvi ev MVb
j¶¨ Kiv hvq, G‡Ûvgid, †g‡mvgid Ges BK‡Uvgid| G‡Ûvgid n‡”Q
bgbxq †Mvj, `ye©j evû, cv - nvZ I cv‡qi cvZv †QvU | Zvi †gRvR fvjevmvc~Y© I
eÜzZ¡c~Y© wgïK ¯^fv‡ei| hLb gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’ ZLb Zviv welbœZvq †fv‡M| †g‡mvgid
n‡”Q †ckxhy³ myVvg k³ ewjô †`navix Ges eo nvZ cv‡qi AwaKvix| †m mvgvwRKfv‡e
Abyf~wZnxbZvi w`‡K Sz‡K _v‡K| Zvi gvbwmK `ye©jZv c¨vivb‡qW Ae¯’v ch©š— †h‡Z
cv‡i| hv nj Avµgb AZ¨vPvi gwZåg Ges
wekvjZvi weåvwš—| BK‡Uvgid n‡”Q nvjKv Ges f½yi AwZwi³ fxZ mš¿¯— Ae¯’v|
Zvi †gRvR gb Aš—g©~Lx Ges mshZ cÖK…wZi| †m wbtm½Zv cQ›` K‡i, gvbwmKfv‡e hLb
AwaKZi Lvivc n‡q hvq Zv‡`i ZLb wm‡Rv‡d«wbqv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, ev¯—eZv ev` w`‡q
¯^cœ/Kíbvi RM‡Z evm Ki‡e, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae¯’vq †Lqvj _v‡K‡ebv gv‡S gv‡S †evKvi gZ
weK…Z A®úó K_v ej‡e I AvPiY Ki‡e| hw`I GB Z‡Ë¡i wKQy g~j¨evb Aš—`©„wó Av‡Q
Z_vwc Bnv †Kvb g‡Z ev¯—e ev ˆea bq| †kjWg 1940 mv‡j Zvi GB M‡elbv K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ‡Z¨K M‡elbv †kjW‡gi Av‡MI Kiv n‡q‡Q GgbwK kZvãx †kl nevi c~‡e©|
GB ˆRe kixwii Avmbœ wel‡qi
†k‡l, G‡jv‡g‡jv g‡bv-kvixwiK welq¸‡jv we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| GB Amy¯’Zvi j¶Y †Kvb
fvBivm bq, e¨vK‡Uwiqv LvIqvi KviY QÎvK K…wg we‡kl GjvwR© wel ev wUDgvi‡K `vqx
Kiv hvq bv| Bnv cwi®‹vifv‡e ¯úó †h GB †iv‡Mi KviY mnR mij Am‡PZb g‡bi wfZ‡ii
mgm¨v| e¨w³ ïaygvÎ `ywðš—v gy³ n‡Z evavcÖvß nq KviY cybivq wPš—v Drcbœ nq|
‡evZ‡j iw¶Z kw³ AbeZ© ‰Zwi ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ †eª‡bi g‡a¨ Ae‡k‡l GKUv fvimvg¨nxbZv
Av‡b Ges kix‡ii wKQy Ask ¶wZ K‡i| ¯^vaxb e¨w³Z¡mg~n GB ai‡bi wek„sLjv ‡fvM
K‡ibv, KviY Zviv Zv‡`i `ywðš—v Rwg‡q bv †i‡L cÖKvk Kivi c_ Ly‡Ru cvq Ges Zviv
Ab¨ †jvK‡`i Abyf~wZ mg‡Ü GZ †ewk wPwš—Z bq| Ab¨w`‡K †h mg¯— †jvK D”Pvwfjvwl Ges
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Zviv gvB‡MÖb gv_ve¨_v †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i hLb Zviv ivM Rgv K‡i iv‡L Ges
wei³ †eva K‡i Zviv D”Pi³ Pv‡c f~M‡Z cv‡i| wbw`©ó Amy¯’Zvmg~n wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i
wbw`©ó e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖKvi‡f` Abymv‡i| †Kb Gme nq ev N‡U GLb ch©š— GUv GKUv AbymÜv‡bi
welq/e¨vcvi| QqwU mvaviY gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv n‡”Q- †ccwUK Avjmvi, gjvkq R¡vjv‡cvov,
D”Pi³Pvc, gvB‡MÖb gv_ve¨_v, h¶v/ nvucvbxKvwk I mœvqy †ivM|
cwicvKZ‡š¿i Nv/¶Z (†ccwUK Avjmvi)t GUv
n‡”Q cvK¯’jxi ¶z`ªv‡š¿i GKUv ¶Z/Nv| ¶z`ªvš¿ cvK¯’jx †_‡K `k¸b †ekx RwoZ|
¶z`ªvš¿ n‡”Q bvwofywoi A‡š¿i cÖ_g `k BwÂ| mvaviYfv‡e `k R‡bi GKRb GB
cwicvKZ‡š¿i Nv G Avµvš— nq Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi †Kvb GK mg‡q| GUv gwnjv‡`i †P‡q cyi“‡li
g‡a¨ †ewk n‡q _v‡K| GUv mvaviYZ 20 †_‡K 40 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, Z‡e †ewk †`Lv hvq 45
†_‡K 55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| cvK¯’jxi im aviY K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Kv¬wib GwmW| GB †¶‡Î AwZwi³
¶iY hv nRg GjvKvi f~-fvM †`nZš¿ †L‡q †djvi KviY n‡”Q AwZwi³ ms‡KvPb c×wZ|
wPwKrmvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask n‡”Q Avi Ges Avi I wekªvg| GQvov e¨_v wbivgqKvix Jla I bxieZv kvš— cwi‡e‡k
_vK‡Z n‡e|
‡k®§v
I gjvkq R¡vjv‡cvovt A‡š¿i e¨_v we‡kl K‡i LvIqvi ci A_ev
D‡ËRbvi ci Ges gjZ¨v‡Mi m‡½ †ekx cwigvb †k®§v †ei nq| GUv `~i nq wkw_jZv /
wekªv‡gi gva¨‡g| gjvkq n‡”Q GKUv eo Aš¿ cÖvq cvPu dzU j¤^v| BwWIc¨vw_K
D”Pi³Pv‡c cÖvß eq®‹‡`i cvPu fv‡Mi GKfvM †jvK GB †iv‡M Avµvš— nq| ZvB G‡¶‡Î
AwZwi³ Av‡ewMK Pvc Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|
gvB‡MÖbt
GUv GKai‡bi cÖPÛ gv_ve¨_v, gv‡S gv‡S ejv nq Amy¯’ gv_ve¨_v mvavibZ gv_vi GKcv‡k
Avµvš— nq| GUv GKai‡bi A`„k my² cÖfvi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| my² cÖfv n‡”Q GK‡Pv‡L ev
`yB †Pv‡LB jvB‡Ui Av‡jv Sjgj/ R¡jR¡j Ae¯’v A_ev Abyf~wZ ev Nvg nIqvi GKUv
†evakw³| gvB‡MÖb Avi¤¢ n‡Z cv‡i DVwZ eqm †_‡K Ges 50 eQ‡ii ci P‡j hvq| GUv ïi“
n‡Z cv‡i cwiev‡i, cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvq gwnjviv †ekx Avvµvš— nq| gv_v e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i
cÖwZw`b A_ev gwnjv‡`i gvwm‡Ki mg‡q gv‡m GKevi A_ev K`vwPr eQ‡i GKevi| gv_ve¨_v
nq KviY †eª‡bi agbx¸‡jv I Lywj i³ w`‡q
c~Y© nqI eo n‡q ¯úw›`Z ev ayK ayK K‡i f¨_v Drcbœ K‡i| A‡bK fy³‡fvMx gy³ n‡q‡Q
mvB‡K †_ivwc Ges e¨w³Ë¡ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g| eZ©gv‡b a¨v‡bi c×wZ Ges ˆRe welq
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q GB j¶Y cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z Ges gv‡S gv‡S GKmv‡_ gv_v e¨_v †_‡K gy³
nevi Rb¨|
h²v
ev nvcvubx Kvwkt GB †ivM nj Kvwk Ges mvu mvu wbtk¦vm Gi
mv‡_ †k®§v, evZvm mÂvj‡bi c_ I GjvwR©i
mv‡_ m¤ú„³| hw` KwVb Ae¯’v nq Zvn‡j Mfxi Ny‡gi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Av‡ewMK
nZvkvi Kvi‡Y GUv n‡Z cv‡i| hLb Av‡ewMK Pvc RwoZ _v‡K mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc wb‡Z n‡Z
cv‡i|
mœvqy‡ivMt
GUv n‡”Q PzjKvwbi gva¨‡g Pvgovi `xN©¯’vqx Amy¯’Zv| GUv GjvwR©i mv‡_ m¤ú„³
Ges Gi cÖavb ev g~j a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q
gb¯—vwË¡K welq‡K| Ab¨vb¨ g‡bv-kvwiixK Amy¯’Zvi gZ GUv `~i n‡Z cv‡i hw` †ivMx
cwi‡ekMZ Pvc †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ¶wZKi g‡bvfve ev `„wófw½ ¯^fve cwieZ©b
K‡i| bxieZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ JlaI mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i GB †¶‡Î|
evsjv‡`‡k
g‡bvwPwKrmK I Ab¨vb¨ G¨v‡jvc¨vw_K Wv³viMY mvaviYZ ˆRe kixwii w`‡K cÖwk¶YcÖvß|
hvB nDK MÖv‡gi †jvKRb hLb Amy¯’ nq ZLb Zv‡`i wewfbœ cQ›` ev Dcvq i‡q‡Q my¯’
nevi Rb¨| Zviv wnvwgIc¨vw_K, ˆRe ivmvqwbK, Avq~‡e©w`K Wv³vi A_ev KweivR dwKi I
MvQš— Jly‡ai e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi n‡Z cv‡i †R¨vwZwe©‡`i Kv‡Q hv‡e| cÖK…Z c‡¶
A‡bK †jvKB GB mg¯— wPwKrmvi d‡j DcKvi cvq| GUvi KviY nj Zviv Gme Wv³vi‡`i wek¦vm
K‡i| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h hw` †Kvb †ivMx GB bKj ev wg_¨v Jla wek¦vm mnKv‡i MÖnY
K‡i †m 20-40 fvM DcKvi cvq| GUvi KviY n‡”Q †h, wek¦vmfvRb Wv³v‡ii KvQ †_‡K Jla
†bIqv GKUv gw¯—‡®‹i ni‡gv‡bi GÛiwdb Gi cÖfve| wgwkªZ ev `vbv JlaI GKB fv‡e cxob
ev K‡ói mg‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i|
GKB
wRwbm N‡U †eª‡bi g‡a¨ hLb wbD‡Uªvm A·vBW A_ev A¨vKzcvsPvi e¨envi Kiv nq| hviv
civgk© ‡c‡q mn‡R †Kvb wKQy MÖnY K‡i Zviv mn‡RB GB Jla Øviv DcKvi cvq| Pvifv‡e
GKRb †jvK Ab¨ gvbyl‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i eZ©gvb AvaywbK Jla e¨envi c×wZ mg‡Ü|
D`vniY¯^i“c t †hme †jvK dwKi‡`i Kv‡Q hvq Zv‡`i mv‡_ KvR ev fvj AvPiY K‡i, hLb
Zviv gvbwmK fv‡e Amy¯’| dwKi‡`i mv‡_ hyw³Z‡K©i gva¨‡g †h ‡¶‡Î †Zvgiv †k‡l nZvkv
-wbivkvMÖ¯— n‡e| †Zvgiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ Pj †mUv mZZv n‡ebv †Zvgiv AÁ n‡Z cvi| †h
†¶‡Î †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i `vwqZ¡ Gwo‡q PjQ| PviUv Dcvq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ A‡bK cwic° Ávb I
`¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| †Zvgiv nvjKvfv‡e †Ljv †Lj‡Z cvi ¸Re iwmKZvi Øviv, GB †¶‡Î
†Zvgiv g~L©Zv, UvKv I mgq AcPq K‡i _vK dwKi‡`i Rb¨|
gw¯—‡®‹i
Af¨š—iw¯’Z c×wZ/ AvKl©Y (Intrapsychic Apporoch)
ˆRec`v_©we`¨v
†_‡K GwU Kg ˆeÁvwbK cš’v hv Abygvb Ges KvíwbK gZev‡`i Dci ¯’vwcZ| Zviv
c`v_©weÁvbx‡`i Avwe®K……Z mg¯—B MÖnY K‡i| e¯‘Z¡, Zviv wek¦vm K‡i †h ewn©fv‡Mi
Zzjbvq gvbeRvwZ AviË †ekx Mfxi, RwUj I inm¨gq| M‡elYvMv‡ii Zzjbvq wK¬wb‡KB
(¯^v¯’¨ wbev‡mB) Zviv Zv‡`i KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i‡K Mfxi gb¯—Ë¡we` e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
c~‡e© D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡h Zviv eskMZ cvwicvwk©¦K Ae¯’vi Dci ‡ewk ‡Rvi ‡`q wKš‘
ˆRe c`v_© we`¨vi g‡Zv bq| (d«‡qW GB c×wZi cÖwZôvZv| gw¯—‡®‹i Af¨š—iw¯’Z
AvKl‡©Yi wZbwU w`K `uvo Kiv‡bv hvq)|
1|
cÖv_wgK wkï‡`i Dci †Rvi †`qv nq we‡klfv‡e Rb¥ †_‡K 5 eQi ch©š— †Kbbv, ÒAvR‡Ki
wkïB AvMvgxi wcZv| ˆkk‡ei NUbvmg~nB cÖvß eqmKv‡ji wek„sLjvi cÖZ¨¶ KviY|
2|
GB Amšy‘ó I AMÖnYxq ¯§„wZ¸‡jv `wgZ Ges A‡PZb| Z_vwc †m¸‡jv LyeB Rxeš— Ges
wewfbœ D‡ØM Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i hvi KviY Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv|
3|
hLb GB ¯§„wZ ¸‡jv cy‡bvivq †R‡M DVvi Dcµg nq ZLbB GB gw¯—‡®‹i Af¨š—iw¯’Z c×wZ/
AvKl©Y Gi evav m„wó K‡i| ‡ivMx‡K my¯’¨ Kivi Rb¨ GB myß ¯§„wZ ¸‡jv A‡š^lY
K‡i Ges ‡h Amv¯’¨Ki c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡”Q e¨w³ Øviv Zv Avwe®‹vi Kivi wbi“cY K‡i| hLbB †m¸‡jvi mÜvb ‡g‡j ZLbB
Zv Zv‡`i kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| ‡mB A‡PZb Ae¯’vq †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Mfxi gb¯—Ë¡we` 4wU c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib:
1|
gy³ Abyl½u (Free
Association): ‡ivMx‡K
¯^vfvweK wbqš¿Y ¶gZv‡K wkw_j Ki‡Z Ges Zvi g‡a¨ ‡h wPš—v ev Av‡eM Av‡m ‡m¸‡jv‡K
cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ ejv nq|
2|
¯^cœ we‡klY (Dream
Analysis): ¯^cœ‡K
ejv nq Ny‡gi AwffveK| d«‡qU Zvui weL¨vZ eB m‡cœi we‡kl‡Y (w` B›Uviwc‡Ukb Ae
wWªg) mcœ‡K ‡PZ‡bi w`‡K ivRKxq c_ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| mcœ¸‡jv fwel¨Z NUbv
m¤ú‡©K bq eis ‡m¸‡jv e¨w³ Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡©KB wb‡©`k K‡i| ivw·Z `wgZ fq Ges
AvKvsLv ¸‡jv ‡ivMxi i¶Y ¶gZv ‡f` K‡i wewPÎ mvs‡KwZK gy‡Lvm aviY K‡i| ¯^cœ‡K
fy‡j hvËqv fvlv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
3|
Afx‡¶cY c×wZ (Projecting
Test): (GB c×wZ‡Z ev Afx¶vq e¨w³ wb‡Ri
AÁv‡Z Zvi Avkv, AvKv•¶v, fvev‡eM BZ¨vw` Awf¶vi welqe¯‘i cÖwZ cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g
cÖKvk K‡i): me ‡_‡K wZbwU Ab¨Zg cwi¶‡Yi bvg n‡jvt-
K)
Rorschach
ikvK Afx¶v 1922t (GwU e¨w³Z¡ cwigv‡ci GK cÖKvi Awf‡¶cx Afx¶v| G‡Z cÖv_x©‡K
wewfbœ Qvc wewkó †Pvl KvMR †`Lv‡bvi ci Zv‡`i eY©bv Ki‡Z ejv nq) GB
c×wZ‡Z cwi¶v_x©‡K Qvcv Kvwji wPwýZ `kwU wfbœ ai‡bi Kv©W †`Lv‡bv nq Ges †m¸‡jv
wK Zv Kíbvq wbi“cY Ki‡Z ejv nq| GB c×wZ‡K Kvwj Qvcc×wZ/ Afx¶vI ejv nq|
L| Kvwnbx mscÖZ¨¶ Afx¶v (The TAT, Thematic Apperception Test 1935)t- welqMZ
cÖksmv c×wZ :- GB cix¶vq g‡°j‡K mvgvwRK Ges gvbweq cwiw¯—wZi Dci Qwei Kv©W
†`Lv‡bv nq Ges ‡m¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`‡q 1wU PgKc` Mí ˆZix Ki‡Z ejv nq|
M) kãvbyl½u Afx¶v (Word Association
1905)t e¨w³‡K ejv nq
AbM©j wKQy kãgvjv ejvi Rb¨| Zvi g‡a¨ hv Av‡m Zv ejvi Rb¨| †hgb- MvQ, cvwL,
AvKvk, c„w_ex, mvMi, bi, bvix, wkï, KzKzi cÖf„wZ G‡Ki ci GK ejvi Rb¨| GB gy³
cix¶vwU cÖKvk K‡i e¨w³i A‡PZb c×wZ, Ges g‡°‡ji e¨w³Z¡ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
4| ¯’vbvš—iY cÖwµqv (Transference) t d«‡qW
Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb ‡h g‡°j wPwKrmK m¤ú©‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤ú©K Av‡ivcb cÖwµqv _vK‡Z nq| Gi
A_© GB †h ˆkkeKv‡j wcZv- gvZvi cÖwZ g‡°‡ji †h Abyf~ywZ I Ges g‡bvfve wQj GLb
A‡PZb fv‡e ‡m wPwKrm‡Ki Dci Av‡ivc K‡i| ‡hgb- fv‡jvevmv, fw³, kª×v, N„Yv, fq,
ivM| Zvn‡j GB m¤ú©K ¯’vbvš—iY cÖwµqv AZx‡Zi GB Abyf~wZ ¸‡jv‡K w`‡bi Av‡jvq ‡ei
K‡i Av‡b ‡hb ‡m¸‡jvi Dci cix¶v Pvjv‡bv hvq| GB Av‡eM cÖwZwµqv ‡ei K‡i Avbvi Rb¨
wPwKrmK wKQyB K‡ib bv eis wZwb wbw®Œq
f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb e¨w³i g‡bvfve ev Dw³ Aby‡gv`bË K‡ib bv Avevi evwZjË K‡ib
bv&| wZwb †hb †ivMxi k~b¨/ wbieY©
c`©v| wPwKrmK hw` Zvi Dci Av‡ivwcZ GB Abyf~wZ ¸‡jv‡K ev¯—‡e MÖnY Kivi g‡a¨ f~j
K‡i †d‡jb Zvn‡j GB m¤ú‡K©i/ ¯’vbvš—‡ii
my¯’¨KiY c×wZ webó nq| Ggb Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq weiƒc ¯’vbvš—iY c×wZ hv Aek¨B cwinvi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨vb¨ gb¯—vwZ¡Kwe`MY
d«‡q‡Wi GB Z‡Ë¡i Ab¨ w`KI D‡jL K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb- Rvs, GWjvi, ‡isK,
Ëiwb, wiP, d«g&, GwiKmb, mywjfvb Ges wK¬Bb| hw`I Zviv d«‡q‡Wi e¨vL¨vi cÖwZ
wfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Z_vwc Zviv ‡mB Avš—- gvbwmK c×wZ‡Z bZzb wKQy †hvM K‡i‡Qb|
wmMgyÛ d«‡qW
(1856-1939): wZwb n‡jb AvaywbK hy‡Mi
GKRb cÖavb weZK©g~jK I cÖfvweZ wdKvi| †m GKRb Bû`x, Awóqvq wf‡qbœv‡Z evm Ki‡Zb|
†m g‡bvwe‡klY Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZlVvZv| †m Ae‡PZ‡bi †¶‡Îi cÖ_g e¨envi K‡i‡Qb K…wÎg
c×wZ, wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z nV¨vr eÜ n‡q hvq Ges Gi e`‡j e¨envi K‡i‡Qb gy³ Abyl½ c×wZ|
d«‡qW cÖ_g Ae‡PZ‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AbymÜvb K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z gvbe gb‡¯—i MVb wZb w`K †_‡K
Av‡m| h_v:-B`, B‡Mv Ges mycvi-B‡Mv| B` G‡m‡Q `yÕwU mnRvZ cÖe„Ë †_‡K-Rxeb cÖe„Ë
†hwU‡K ejv nq Òwjwe`Ó Ges gyZz¨ mnRvZ cÖe„Ë, hv Rxeb cÖe„‡Ëi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| Rxeb cÖe„Ë n‡jv ‡hŠb kw³| GB
`yÕwU mnRvZ cÖe„Ë GKB m`„k, hv Drcv`b K‡i Ges AvZ¥ i¶v K‡i| †hŠbZvi w`K †_‡K
Zviv m`„k Ges fvjevmv Ges hy× K‡i| †m e‡j‡Q- ÒGK myLx Rxe‡bi Rb¨ `yÕwU wRwb‡mi
cÖ‡hvRb, Zv n‡jv fvjevmv I KvRÓ| GUvi A_© n‡jv mnRvZ cÖe„˸‡jv mwVKfv‡e
cwiPvjbv `vb Kiv| evB‡e‡ji cÖ_g `yÕwU Mí Av`g I Bf Ges KvBb I Av‡ej bvUK iƒ‡c
cwiYZ K‡i G `yÕwU mnRvZ cÖe„wË| B` myL bxwZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ges Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q
mgc~©bfv‡e Ae‡PZb| †eŠ× Abymv‡i Ò mewKQz R¡j‡QÓ| GUv cigvYyi we‡ùvi‡Y Drcvw`Z
GKwU Avmj kw³, †hLv‡b cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q kw³‡Z|
wjwe` GKwU j¨vwUb kã hvi A_© B”Qv|
cÖK…Zfv‡e B` ïaygvÎ B”Qv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avb‡›`i †gŠwjK w`KwU B` cwiPvjbv `vb K‡i|
bZzb wkï n‡jv Avmj B`| †Kvb B‡Mv ev mycvi B‡Mv MVb Kiv nqwb| wkïwU Abyfe K‡i
†h, wb‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ Agi- Zvi AvKl©Y, wPš—v I Abyf~wZ¸‡jv kw³gvb|
B` n‡Z B‡Mv MwVZ nh; KviY ev¯—e
c„w_ex‡Z wkïwU Uzwc co‡Z wk‡L, GUvB me wKQz bq | Avb‡›`i Dcv`vb¸‡jv KvR K‡i bv
| Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi †h, Avgvi Rxeb g„Zz¨i mv‡_ fq †c‡Z cv‡i | Avqbv‡Z †`wL Avwg
†`vlx ev Avgvi LyuZ Av‡Q I `yw©b©evi bq | RMr I gvbyl Avgv‡K †`Lvq †h, Avwg
me©f~ bB | ev¯—e RMr,
AwZ¯^qs MwVZ n‡q‡Q ¯^qs n‡Z, B` †_‡K
bq| GUv KvR K‡i wePvi‡Ki gZ-KvRK‡g©i Dci Ges ¯^qs‡qi wPš—v| GUvi wZbUv KvR K‡i
_v‡K: -m‡PZb, wbRch©‡e¶Y I avibvi MVb|
¯^qs Gi KvR n‡jv: B` Zvibvi I ev¯—eZvi
g‡a¨ Avcm-gxgvsmv †ei K‡i Avbv Ges GUvi e¨_©Zv Pvcv D‡ËRbv, Av‡eM cÖeY I
wek„sLjv wb‡q Av‡m| ¯^qs †Póv K‡i GKUv fvimvg¨ Avb‡Z| B` n‡jv GK eb¨ †Nvovi gZ
Ges B‡Mv n‡jv Ak¦v‡ivnxi gZ|
¯^qs I AwZ¯^qs Gi mv‡_ Avc‡m wggvsmv
Kivi Rb¨ B‡Mv ev Avb¥v MwVZ nq Ges GKwU gxgvswmZ mgvavb wb‡q Av‡m | ¯^qs
cwiPvjK n‡q hvq Ges Gi RMr n‡jv cÖvK…wZK ; †hgb- GKwU RsMj, wbqš¿‡bi evB‡i | †mLv‡b
†Kvb KviY I dj †bB; e¯‘¸‡jv ïay N‡U Ges †h‡Kvb n‡Z cv‡i| ev¯—eZvi RM‡Z hv ¯^qs
†`‡L Zv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv nq, AwaK k„sLjv I K…wÎgZv nq| B‡Mv †`‡L †h RsM‡ji cwie‡Z©
GK myLx I fvj Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU evMv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxhZv c‡o| †hŠb I gvWv©‡ii
AvPi‡bi g‡a¨ wkw_jZv n‡Z †`q| ¯^qs I AwZ¯^qs Gi mvnv‡h¨ GBB‡`i kw³mg~n fvjevmv
I cwikª‡gi g‡a¨ cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| ¯^qs e¨em&_v I wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| B` cv‡i
bv, GUv ïay B”Qv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvZ¥i¶Yg~jK c×wZmg~n:(Defence
Mechanism): GUv n‡”Q Ggb wKQz c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ wb‡R‡K Af¨š—iwb I
evwn¨K Pvc, Kó I `ywðš—v n‡Z i¶v K‡i| Avgv‡`i Zvibv, Kvgbv, evmbv¸‡jv wbqš¿b
Ges G‡`i d‡j m„ó Af¨š—ixY msNvZ `~i Ki‡Z GUv ¸i“Ë¡ c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GB
c×wZ¸‡jv e¨w³i mnRvZ cÖe„wˇK †Mvc‡b ev c‡iv¶fv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i| G¸‡jv A‡bK mgq
e¨w³i Avmj PwiÎ ev g‡bi Ae¯’v jyKv‡Z mvnvhª K‡i Ges ev¯—eZv †_‡K K‡ív‡jv‡K wb‡q
Kó †_‡K mvgwqK Dcmg `vb K‡i| G¸‡jv mvavibZ ¯^vfvweK I ¯^v¯’¨cÖ` bh, Giv Avgv‡`i
cÖPzi cwigv‡b gvbwmK kw³ bó K‡i Ges ax‡i ax‡i Avgv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm `ye©j K‡i
†`q-hv Avgiv m„Rbkxj Kv‡R e¨q K‡i Av‡ivI DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z cviZvg|
Defensive mechanism (AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZmg~n)
f~wgKv:
Avgiv gvbyl, ZvB Avgv‡`i †`n, AvZ¥v I gb Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi Rxe‡b bvbv
ai‡bi Pvwn`v _v‡K hv Avgiv bvbvfv‡e c~iY
K‡i _vwK| †hgb: †`Lv‡bvi cÖeYZv (Exhibition)| Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨ Kg‡ewk GB
Pvwn`vwU (Need) i‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgv‡`i †kªó wRwbl, ev `¶Zv, BZ¨vw`
cÖ`k©Y Ki‡Z fvjevwm| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK,
Ae‡PZb g‡b Zv K‡iI _vwK| Avevi evB‡i †_‡K hLb †Kvb wKQy Avgv‡`i g‡bi Abyf~wZ ev
Pvwn`vi Dci n¯—‡¶c K‡i Zv Avgiv Ae‡PZb g‡b A¯^xKviI K‡i _vwK| G¸‡jv me wg‡j
Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ ˆZix nq Defensive mechanism| Gi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡R‡K g~jZ: evwn¨K
Ges Af¨š—ixY Pvc, Kó I `ywðš—v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi †Póv K‡i| GB c×wZ Avgv‡`i
Zvobv, Kvgbv I evmbv¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Ges G ¸‡jvi d‡j m„ó Af¨š—ixY msNvZ
mg~n‡K `~i Ki‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Defensive mechanism g~jZ: †ewki fvM mgqB e¨w³i Avmj PwiÎ ev g‡bi Ae¯’v‡K
jyKv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges ev¯—eZv †_‡K K‡ív‡jv‡K wb‡q wM‡q mvgwqKfv‡e K‡ói Dckg
K‡i| cÖK…Z c‡¶ AvZ¥i¶vi G c×wZ ¸‡jv A¯^vfvweK I gvbwmK w`K w`‡q A¯^v¯’¨Ki| KviY
G c×wZ¸‡jv e¨env‡ii d‡j Avgv‡`i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y gvbwmK kw³ bó nq, AvZ¥ wek¦vm
`~e©j nq Ges Avgv‡`i m„Rbx kw³ ax‡i ax‡i webó n‡q hvq|
Defensive
mechanism (AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZmg~n)
¯^vfvweK
fv‡eB Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ Pvwn`v ev Abyf~wZi D`q nq| hLb †m¸‡jv‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
cÖKvk bv K‡i Avgiv Avovj Kwi, `~‡i mwi‡q ivwL, †X‡K ivwL, A¯^xKvi Kwi ev Pvwc‡q
ivwL ZLb Avgv‡`i G cÖ‡Póv¸‡jv‡K Defensive mechanism (AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZ) e‡j| wb‡P
wewfbœiKg AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| Repression (Ae`gb): GwU
Ggb GK AvZ¥i¶vi cÖwµqv, hvi ga¨ w`‡q gvbyl mgv‡R hv MÖnYxq bq, Ggb wKQy KóKi
¯§„wZ ev Abyf~wZ A_ev Zvobv‡K f~‡j _vKvi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv‡K m‡PZbfv‡e m‡PZb gb †_‡K
Ae‡PZb g‡b XywK‡q iv‡L| A_v©r e¨w³ †mB †e`bvgq ¯§„wZ‡K evi evi f~‡j †h‡Z Pvq|
GRb¨ e¨w³ †e`bvgq ¯§„wZi mv‡_ RwoZ †h †Kvb e¯‘ bó K‡i †d‡j|
2| A¯^xKvi Kiv (Denial):
GwU w`‡q e¨w³ g~jZ Mfxi K‡ói NUbv, wPš—v ev Abyf~wZi Aw¯—Z¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i|
†hgb: nVvr K‡i hLb †KD wcÖqRb‡K nvivq, ZLb ¯^fveZB †m wKQy¶Y bxie †_‡K †mB ev¯—eZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i hw`I c‡i †m Zv ¯^xKvi
K‡i †bq| Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`Iqv hvq, †hgb:
LvIqvi †Uwe‡j K‡qKRb wg‡j †L‡Z e‡m‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb welbœ g‡b wKQy wPš—v Ki‡Q|
GKRb welbœ g‡b _vKv e¨w³wU‡K wRÁvmv Kij- AgyK wK wPš—v KiQ? †Zvgvi wK gb Lvivc?
e¨w³ gyPwK nvwm w`‡q DËi w`j, bv wKQy nqwb| Avm‡j †m Zvi g‡bi wfZ‡ii †Kvb
wKQy‡K gy‡Li nvwm w`‡q Avovj Ki‡Q|
3| Regression (c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i wM‡q
Avc‡mvm Kiv): AZx‡Zi †Kvb myLKi ev Avb›`gq ¯§„wZ‡K
Aej¤^b K‡i hLb †KD wb‡Ri Kó‡K fy‡j _vK‡Z
Pvq ZLb Zv‡K Regression ev c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i wM‡q Avc‡mvm Kiv e‡j| †hgb: A‡bK ¯¿x Av‡Q hviv m`¨ weevwnZ
¯^vgx‡K nvwi‡q Amnbxq Kó fy‡j _vKvi Rb¨ ¯^vgxi †Kvb wKQy e¨envh© †Kvb e¯‘ ev
Qwe, A_ev ¯^vgxi mv‡_ Zvi †Kvb gaygq ¯§„wZ‡K AvuK‡o a‡i evKx Rxeb KvwU‡q †`q
Avi Avc‡mvm K‡i| G‡ZB Zviv Zv‡`i Kó f~‡j _v‡K I Avb›` cvq|
4| Fixation (e×g~j aviYv ev gvbwmK
DbœwZi e¨vnwZ): †Kvb †Kvb gvbyl Av‡Q hviv Rxe‡b msNl© I
SzwKi m¤§~Lxb n‡Z fq cvb| d‡j Zv‡`i
gvbwmK DbœwZi e„w× NUv‡Z Pvb bv| KviY Zviv fq cvq, `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvqbv Gs
AwbðqZvq †fv‡M| †hgb: Kv‡iv mv‡_ Avgvi eÜzZ¡ bó n‡q hv‡e GB †f‡e eÜy‡K Avwg mZK© ev
mgv‡jvPbv bv K‡i Zvi A‰bwZK Kv‡R Avwg hLb mg_©b †hvMvB ZLb Zv‡K Fixation e‡j|
5| Projection
(A‡b¨i Dci wb‡Ri
wKQy Pvwc‡q †`Iqv): †ev‡mi cÖ‡eg wb‡Ri Kvu‡a enb K‡i wcIb
¯^vgx hLb ¯¿xi Dci †mwUi cÖKvk NUvq ZLb Zv‡K e‡j Displacement| Avi wcI‡bi g‡a¨
†h mgm¨v Av‡Q wcIb Zv wb‡Ri g‡a¨ †`L‡Z bv †c‡q hLb ¯¿xi g‡a¨ Zv †`‡L ZLb Zv‡K
Projection e‡j|
6| Reaction
formation
(cªwZwµqvi MVb): GwUi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li Ggb AvPiY‡K
†evSvq hv gvby‡li wfZiKvi Avmj Abyf~wZ ev AvKv•¶v‡K cÖKvk bv K‡i wVK Zvi
D‡ëvUv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr Avgvi wfZ‡i Av‡Q, †bwZevPK Abyf~wZ; wKš‘ Avwg evB‡i
†`Lvjvg BwZevPK Abyf~wZ | †hgb:
GKw`b K¬v‡m Avmvi mgq GKRb †mwgbvixqvb‡K †`Ljvg †Mvgov gy‡L K¬v‡mi w`‡K hv‡”Q|
c‡_ †h‡nZz Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv n‡jv, Zv‡K ejvg Ò†Kgb Av‡Qv fvB?Ó †m GKwU gwjb nvwm
w`‡q ejj- fvj AvwQ| GwU A‡bKUv †`vKv‡b _vKv †g‡q‡`i cvw÷K nvwmi gZ| KviY g‡bi
wfZ‡i Zv‡`i ivM ev `ytL _vK‡jI Zv‡`i
nvm‡Z nq| GLv‡b Reaction I Formation
G `ywU welq KvR K‡i KviY Zv‡`i g‡b ivM Av‡Q| Zv cÖKvk bv K‡i D‡ëv my›`i nvwm †`q| GB AvZ¥ i¶vi cÖwµqv A‡bK
mgq - Positive †_‡K Negative action n‡Z cv‡i Avevi Negative action †_‡K
Positive action I n‡Z cv‡i|
7| Undoing (gy‡Q †djvi †Póv): †Kv_vI
wKQy GKUv Kivi ci A‡bK Acgvb‡eva n‡qwQj Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¯§„wZ †_‡K gy‡Q †djvi
†PóvB n‡jv Undoing| gy‡Q †djvi †Póv GK ai‡bi
Defensive attitude| gy‡Q †djvi †Póv Kivi d‡j Zv ¯§„wZ †_‡K gy‡Q †djv
m¤¢e n‡jI cÖK…Z c‡¶ Acgvb‡ev‡ai Abyf~wZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ †_‡KB hvq| Avi GKvi‡bB GKB iKg Abyf~wZ gvbyl
¯^‡cœi ga¨ w`‡qI Abyfe K‡i _v‡K| Undoing
gvby‡li gvbwmK Rxe‡b A‡bK †cÖmvi m„wó K‡i hv gvby‡li Rb¨ ¶wZKi| ZvB †h
†Kvb †bwZevPK Abyf~wZ¸‡jv gy‡Q †djvi †Póv bv K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Kv‡iv bv Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| Zvn‡j
Acgvb‡eva ev j¾v `~i nq Ges gvbwmK †cÖmvi †_‡K wbivgq N‡U|
8| Sublimation (mnRvZ cÖe„w˸‡jv‡K AwaKZi
mvgvwRK Lv‡Z cÖevwnZKiY): e¨w³i g‡a¨ AcÖZ¨vwkZ †h mKj
A‰bwZK kw³ ev Zvobv, Kómg~n Av‡Q; †m¸‡jv‡K f~‡j _vKvi Rb¨ e¨w³ mvgvwRKfv‡e
Aby‡gvw`Z wewfbœ Dbœqb g~jK KvRK‡g©i mv‡_ hLb wb‡R‡K RwoZ K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K
Sublimation e‡j| †hgb: msN, mwgwZ,
wk‡íi Abykxjb BZ¨vw`|
9| Humor
(nvm¨-†KŠZzK g~jK
AvPiY ev gb †gRvR): GB AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZ e¨vw³‡K AcÖxwZKi ev
weiw³Ki †Kvb wKQyi Dci †dvKvm Ki‡Z AbygwZ †`q hv‡Z e¨w³ wb‡Ri Kó‡K Rq Ki‡Z
cv‡i| nvm¨-†KŠZzK g~jK AvPiY ev gb †gRvR n‡jv AvZ¥i¶vi c×wZi e‡›`ve‡¯—i †¶‡Î
DrK…ó c`‡¶c|
10|
Suppression (†Mvcb Kiv ev fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
wejw¤^Z Kiv): Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ †h wbivb›``vqK †bwZevPK
Abyf~wZ (Unpleasant feelings) ev my›`i my›`i NUbv ¸‡jv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K `wg‡q ivLv
ev †Mvcb K‡i †djv‡K ev †m¸‡jv‡K Gwo‡q Pjv‡K Suppression e‡j| †hgb: ivM ev N„Yv‡K jywK‡q ivLv ev Gwo‡q Pjv| KviY G¸‡jv n‡jv KóKi I
bxim|
11|
Anticipation (c~e© Ávb ev c~e©vfvm A_ev
c~ev‡ýB Av‡jvPbv ev Dcjwä Kiv): GB AvZ¥i¶vg~jK
g‡bvfv‡ei ga¨w`‡q e¨w³ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Av‡M †_‡KB cwiKíbv K‡i ev wb‡R‡K cÖ¯‘Z K‡i|
GiKg g‡bvfve‡K BwZevPK AvZ¥i¶vg~jK c×wZ e‡j|
12|
Compensation (¶wZ c~iY I e¨_©Zv‡K Avovj
Kiv): †Kvb GKwU †¶‡Î hLb Avgiv e¨_© nB ZLb Ab¨ †Kvb GKwU KvR K‡i
Zv XvK‡Z PvIqvB e¨_©Zv Avovj Kiv (Compensation) e‡j| †hgb: QvÎ cix¶vq †dj K‡i e¨_©Zv I j¾v XvKvi Rb¨ evwo‡Z wM‡q
gv-evevi c”Q‡›`i KvR Lye g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q Ki‡Z _v‡K| GUv A‡bKUv †Nvj w`‡q `y‡ai
mva †gUv‡bvi gZ| e¨w³i †cÖlYv I Kv‡Ri Dci wbf©i K‡i Dcjwä Kiv hvq †h, e¨w³ Zvi
e¨_©Zv Avovj (Compensation) Ki‡Q wK bv?
13|
Identification (cwiwPZ nIqv):
GwUI gv‡S gv‡S AvZ¥i¶vi Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i| GB Identification g~j¨‡ev‡ai †¶‡Î bq Z‡e
Defensive - Gi †¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| GLv‡b
Identification ej‡Z gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h †bwZevPK Abyf~wZ (Feelings) I Pvwn`v
¸‡jv‡K (Needs) †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| †hgb:
GK e¨w³i g‡b A‡bK e¨_v Av‡Q| Ab¨ Av‡iKR‡bi g‡a¨I GKB e¨_v Av‡Q d‡j `yR‡bi g‡a¨
fvj m¤úK© M‡o I‡V Ges Zv‡`i †bwZevPK Abyf~wZ I Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iY bv nIqvi Rb¨
ïayB `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| hLb Zv‡`i Ac~Y©
Pvwn`v ev Abyf~wZ ¸‡jvi †h †Kvb GKwU PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ `yRbB GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Reciprocal Identification e‡j|
D`vniY
wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, †Kvb GK Mªv‡g `yB bZzb eD Av‡Q Ges Zv‡`i k¦vïixiv †Kvbfv‡eB
Zv‡`i‡K c”Q›` K‡i bv| †QvU †QvU wel‡q Zv‡`i fyj a‡i Ges Zv wb‡q A‡bK MvwjMvjvR
K‡i| `yB eDB GRb¨ A‡bK Kó cvq; wKš‘ k¦vïix‡K wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡`i GB K‡ói
Kvi‡Y g‡b w`‡b w`‡b k¦vïixi wei“‡× ivM N„Yv Rg‡Z _v‡K| `yB bZyb eD hLb Zv‡`i
ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ GKB Abyf~wZ Avwe®‹vi I mnfvwMZv †c‡i‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eÜz‡Z¡i m„wó
n‡q‡Q| Kvib Zv‡`i Pvwn`v (fvjevmv I ¯^xK…wZ cvevi AvKv•¶v) I AbyyfywZ (Kó, ivM,
N„Yv) GKB| ZvB ZvivI wm×vš— wb‡q‡Q
my‡hvM hLb Avm‡e ZLb ZvivI Zv‡`i k¦vïix‡`i Qvo w`‡e bv|
14|
Fantasy (KvíwYK KíYv ev Kí‡jv‡K evm Kiv): GwUi
gva¨‡g gvbyl KíYvq GgbwKQy KíYv K‡i, hvi ga¨ w`‡q †m Zvi A‡PZb g‡bi Kó `~i K‡i
ev Pvwn`v (Afve) c~i‡b AvZ¥Z…wß jvf K‡i| †hgb:
†gwUìv (The heroine of the Diamond Necklace), †h Lye my›`ix| Mixe N‡i Rb¥ jvf
Kivq GKRb wcI‡bi mv‡_ Zvi we‡q wVK n‡j ci Zvi g‡b A‡bK K‡ói D`q nq| †m wb‡Ri
fvM¨‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB ivM Zvi A‡PZb g‡b _vKvi d‡j cÖvqB Zvi gb welbœ
_vKZ| Zvi GB Kó‡K f~‡j _vKvi Rb¨ wgwUìv KíYvq †`LZ †Kvb wWDK ev †mbvcÖavb A_ev
†Kvb A‡bK abx e¨vw³ Zv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| wb‡R‡K Zv‡`i ¯¿x †f‡e A‡bK Avb›` †cZ
Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡q †m Zvi Kó‡K fy‡j _vKZ|
15|
Retionalization:
Avgiv gvbyl| Avgv‡`i †hgb Av‡eM (Emotion) Av‡Q;
†Zgwb hyw³ w`‡q wePvi Kivi ¶gZvI (Rationality) Av‡Q| ZvB, ïay hyw³ w`‡q Av‡eM‡K
AeÁv K‡i, wb‡Ri Kg©‡K cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev wb‡Ri †Kvb AcKg© XvKv, A_ev wb‡Ri `~e©j
w`K jywK‡q ivLvi †Póv KivB n‡jv Rationalization| A_ev ej‡Z cvwi †h, Avgvi g‡a¨
†`Lv‡bv cÖeYZv (Need) Av‡Q; Ab¨w`‡K Avgvi j¾vI (Feeling) Av‡Q| hLb Avwg Av‡eM‡K
AeÁv K‡i ïay gvÎ hyw³ ZK© w`‡q †Kvb wKQy j¾vi f‡q; Ab¨w`‡K Ab¨‡K †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨
Kwi (cÖK…Z c‡¶ hv Kiv wVK bq) ZLb Zv‡K Rationalization e‡j| †hgb: 2007 mv‡j bwfwk‡q‡U _vKvjxb hLb
wmW‡i GKwU Avg MvQ c‡o hvq, Zv KvUvi Rb¨
eZ©gvb wekc myeªZ Avgv‡K e‡jb, Òcv¯‹vj, Zzwg wK Mv‡Qi AvMvq D‡V Wvj ¸‡jv KvU‡Z
cvi‡e?Ó †h‡nZz †mLv‡b g‡iv ‡mwgbvixqvb I bexmfvB‡qiv wQj, Avwg wb‡Ri AcviMZv
cÖKvk bv K‡i GK Dˇi e‡j †dwj cvie dv`vi| hLb Mv‡Q DVjvg ZLb †`wL Avgvi cv
Kvcu‡Q Ges Wvj KvU‡ZI A‡bK fq jvM‡Q| GKRb †QvU fvB hLb ejj, Òcv¯‹vj `v, Zzwg wK
KvU‡Z cvi‡e?Ó Avwg DËi w`jvg, †Póv †Zv
Kwi| Avm‡j, GLv‡b Avwg Avgvi j¾v I AcviMZv‡K XvKvi hyw³ e¨envi Kivi †Póv
KiwQjvg|
16|
Displacement (Av‡e‡Mi wePz¨wZ): GwU
g~jZ: gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h †bwZevPK AbyfywZ ¸‡jv wewfbœ Kvi‡b ˆZix nq †m¸‡jv‡K hLb
mwVK RvqMvq I mwVK e¨w³i mvg‡b cÖKvk bv K‡i, Ab¨ RvqMvq I Ab¨ e¨w³ ev e¯‘i Dci (we‡kl K‡i wb‡©`vl eD, †Q‡j-†g‡q, cÖvYx
ev e¯‘i Dci) cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K
Displacement e‡j| †hgb:
Awd‡mi wcIb Awd‡m †ev‡mi KvR †_‡K ivM ev Acgvb †c‡q evwo G‡m eD‡qi Dci †mB ivM
Sv‡i| d‡j †mB ivM Avevi eD Zvi †Q‡ji Dci Sv‡o; †Q‡j †mB ivM Avevi `iRvi mvg‡b
ï‡q _vKv weov‡ji Dci Sv‡o| Avm‡j GB cÖwµqvq mgm¨vi †Kvb mgvavb †bB; eis Gi ga¨
w`‡q e¨w³i g‡a¨ Av‡iv mgm¨vi m„wó nq|
ev¯—‡e †`Lv hvq †h, mwVK RvqMvq mwVKfv‡e †bwZevPK AbyfywZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z bv
†c‡i e¨w³ Aby‡kvPbv K‡i| cÖK„Z c‡¶ GwU AvZ¥i¶v Qvov wKQyB bq| Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b GwU
Kvg¨ bq|
17|
Isolation (c„_KxKiY ev wew”QbœKiY A_ev wbtm½):
GwU Av‡iKwU Defensive Attitude| GwUi gva¨‡g †h mKj †bwZevPK Abyf~wZ Ges Pvwn`v
(Negative Feelings and Needs) m¤úwK©Z cÖm½ gvbyl‡K Kó‡`q †m¸‡jv hLb †KD DÌvcb
K‡i ZLb †m welq †_‡K Ab¨ wel‡q hvevi †Póv‡K Isolation (c„_KxKiY ev wew”QbœKiY
A_ev wbtm½)| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKevi †Kvb GK AvÇvq Avgvi GK eÜz Rwg‡q wKQz
welq Dc¯’vcY KiwQj Avi Avgiv mevB Zv nv K‡i ïbwQjvg| †Kvb GK cÖm‡½ eÜzwU GKRb †Q‡ji bvg D‡jL Ki‡j Avgvi
GK evÜex (†h gb‡hvM w`‡q eÜzwUi K_v ïbwQj) eÜzwUi K_v ïbv ev` w`‡q Avgvi mv‡_
Ab¨ cÖm‡½ K_v ejv ïi“ K‡i| KviY †h †Q‡jwUi bvg Avgvi eÜzwU D‡jL K‡iwQj †m
†Q‡jwU Avgvi GB evÜexi Rxe‡b †cÖgRwbZ Kvi‡b GK eo AvNvZ G‡bwQj| ZvB hLbB
evÜexwU †mB †Q‡jwUi bvg ï‡b ev †Kvb RvqMvq Zvi cÖm½ D‡V, †m ZLbB Ab¨wKQz‡Z
gb‡hvM †`q Avi bv n‡j cviZ c‡¶ †m ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| Kvib †Q‡jwU Zv‡K A‡bK Kó w`‡qwQj
hvi Rb¨ evÜexwU Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avgiv
†`Ljvg Avg‡`i g‡a¨ KZ iKg AvZ¥i¶vg~jK c×wZ Av‡Q| Pvwc‡q ivLv, mwi‡q ivLv, †X‡K
ivLv, Avovj Kiv, D‡ëvUv cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv meB Avgv`‡i Abyf~wZ ev Pvwn`viB
cÖKvk gvÎ hvi ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i AvZ¥i¶v g~jK g‡bvfve‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z cvwi;
wKš‘ ci¶‡YB †m¸‡jv Avgvi g‡a¨ †R‡M I‡V| ZvB †m¸‡jv cÖKvk KivB Avgv‡`i Rb¨ fvj|
gw¯—‡Ki
Af¨š—ixb gvbwmK Amy¯’¨Zvi `ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯’vi mvivsk:
d«‡q‡Wi cÖew©ZZ gb mgx¶Y gZev‡` ejv nq †h, ˆkk‡e hw` e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ (Id) KvVv‡gv
ch©vß cwigv‡b AvZ¥Zzwô bv nq Zvn‡j †m nZvkvMÖ¯’ nq Ges ˆkke n‡Z Zvi g‡a¨
AmvgÄm¨c~Y© AcwiZ…ß `ywðš—v ¯’vqx nq| †mLv‡b A‡bK Acwic~Y© KvR _v‡K| mg¯— †ivM
we`¨v ZLb nq, GKUv kix‡ii mnRvZ nZvkvMÖ¯’Zv| †hLv‡b gvby‡li mË¡v `yej© nq
†mLv‡bB GB nZvkvMÖ¯—Zv kw³cÖvß nq| mË¡vi (Ego) Rb¨ e¨w³i AwamË¡vI (Super
Ego) Lye †ekx kw³kvjx n‡Z cv‡i hv
h_vh‡_vfv‡e B‡Mvi mg¯— wKQz‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi dj nj DwØMœZv| DwØMœZv
nj AvksKv Ges `ywðš—v hvi Drm nj ARvbv, AcwiwPZ Ae¯’v| `ytwðš—v n‡jv Ah_v Aeva DwØMœZv,
ev D`‡eM hv †Kvb wbw`ó D‡Ïk¨ QvovB DrmvwiZ nq| mœvqyi g‡a¨ GB Ae‡PZb g‡bi
`ywðš—v I msNvZ A‡bK mœvqyweK cxovi m„wó K‡i| †hgb: A‡nZzK AvZ¼Mª¯—Zv, LyuZ Lyu‡Z ¯^fve, KvíwbK †iv‡Mi fq, A‡nZzK
fq, Ny‡gi †Nv‡i nvUv, g„Mx †ivM ev gb
giv †ivM n‡q _v‡K| hv ax‡i ax‡i e¨w³‡K wm‡Rv‡d«bxqv bvgK GK gvbwmK †iv‡Mi w`‡K
†V‡j †`q| GB RwUj gvbwmK †ivM e¨w³i BW&-†K Aek K‡i ‡d‡j| d‡j e¨w³i †Kvb
Kv‡Ri Rb¨, RbMY ev wbR Rxe‡bi Rb¨, †KvbiKg Abyf~wZ _v‡K bv Ges †m †Kej gvÎ ˆ`e¨
¯^‡cœi gva¨‡g AvZ¥ gyw³ Luy‡R|
d«‡qW
Zvi Av‡jvPbvq ˆkk‡ei DbœwZi ¯—i‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges wKfv‡e mnRvZ Af¨vm¸‡jv
cÖ‡Z¨K ¯—‡i †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq ZvI wZwb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GB ¯—i‡K wZwb gvbwmK
†hŠb DbœwZi avc e‡j‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z gvsm †ckxi g‡a¨ GB ¯—‡ii †K›`ª¸‡jv nj-gyL,
gjvkq, g~Îvkq|
cÖ_g ¯—i
nj Rb¥ †_‡K †`o eQi ch©š— hv‡K †gŠwLK ¯—i e‡j| G ¯—‡i Zviv gyL, †VuvU I wRnŸv
bvov Pvov Ges Pe©‡Yi gva¨‡g †hŠb kw³ I Avb›` Luy‡R|
Ab¨w`‡K
wØZxq ¯—iwU ïi“ nq 2q eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges
GwU GK eQiKvj ¯’vqx nq| G ¯—i‡K cvqy ¯—i ejv nq| GB ¯—‡i AwffveKMY wkï‡`i Uq‡jU
e¨envi m¤ú‡K© wk¶v `vb K‡i| G eq‡m wkïiv g~Î _wj, gjvk‡qi gvsm †ckxmg~n †P‡c
aiv wk‡L Ges G‡Z Zviv AvZ¥Z…wß I Avb›` Luy‡R cvq | wZwb Avevi g‡b K‡ib †h, G
¯—‡i wkïi GiKg KivUv nj wcZv-gvZv‡K Lykx ev `ywðš—vMÖ¯’ Kivi GKUv c_ | KviY
wkïi GB bZzb kw³ LuyRv cÖvqB iwmKZvi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| Z…Zxq ¯—iwU †`Lv hvq wkïi 4_© I 5g eQ‡i | wkïi G ¯—i‡K Am‡PZb wj½ ch©v‡qi ¯—i ejv nq Kvib G ch©v‡q
wkïi †hŠb kw³ Rbb A½¸‡jv‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| GB ¯—‡i wkïiv Zv‡`i †hŠb
A½¸‡jv ¯úk© K‡i, †hŠbv½ ¸‡jv mg‡Ü †KŠZznj nq Ges †Q‡j I †g‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq| GB mg‡q GKRb evjK evevi wei“‡× wM‡q Zvi gv‡K wb‡Ri K‡i fve‡Z
ïi“ K‡i, Ges gv‡qi fvjevmv cvevi Rb¨ †m gwiqv n‡q D‡V| Ab¨w`‡K †g‡q‡`i Rb¨I GKB
e¨cvi N‡U| †g‡q Zv‡`i evev‡K Avcb K‡i fve‡Z ïi“ K‡i, Ges gv‡K cÖavb kΓ g‡b
K‡i| d«‡qW GB AvPiY‡K Avmw³gyjK RwUjZv (gb¯—‡Ë¡ wcZvi mwnZ cÖavbZ †hŠb e¨vcv‡i
cy‡Îi Ae‡PZb cÖwZØw›ØZv I kΓyZv)e‡j‡Qb| MÖxK †jLK m‡dv‡K¬m Zuvi ÔBwWcvmÕ bvgK
Ki“Y Kvwnbx‡Z GKRb gvZvi cÖwZ GKRb cy‡Îi cÖej Avmw³ K_v dzwU‡q Zyyy‡j‡Qb | wcZvi Avmj cwiPq bv
†R‡b cyÎ ivRv ÔBwWcvmÕ Zvi wcZv‡K nZ¨v K‡ib Ges cieZx©‡Z wZwb Zvi ivbx A_©vr
Zuvi gvZv‡K we‡q K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z †m hLb Zvi GB AvPiY m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nj ZLb †m
cÖvqwð‡Ëi Rb¨ cÖej Kvbœvq †f‡½ coj| d«‡qW, GB Z…Zxq ¯—iwU‡K wkïi g‡bv‰`wnK
DbœwZi Rb¨ GK KwVb mgqKvj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb|
cieZx© ¯—i‡K
ejv nq myß ev ARvMÖZ Kvg‡eva Ae¯’v| G ¯—i g~jZ wj½ ¯—‡ii c‡i ïi“ nq Ges 6 eQi
†_‡K 12 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ c‡i| GB mgq wkï‡`i †hŠb AvKl©Y ev †SvK Ae‡PZb ev Nygš—
Ae¯’vq _v‡K Ges e¨w³i AwamË¡v AwaK `„pZvi m‡½ MwVZ I cÖwZwôZ nq| G mg‡q
wcZv-gvZv †h mg¯— wbqg-Kvbyb, evav-wecwË, wkï‡K wk¶v †`q wkï Zv wk‡L Ges Zv
wb‡Ri g‡a¨ AvZ¯— K‡i| myZivs G eq‡m †KejgvÎ wkï Ges wcZv-gvZvi g‡a¨B mnRvZfv‡e
msNvZ nqbv eis Zvi g‡a¨ †h mnRvZ ¯^fve I Av`k© Av‡Q Zvi mv‡_ wkïiI gvbwmKfv‡e
msNvZ N‡V| G ¯—‡i wkïi AwamË¡v wcZv-gvZvi AwamË¡vi Dci wbf©i K‡i M‡o I‡V| e¯‘Z,
Zv‡`i AwamËv Zv‡`i wcZvgvZv‡`i Av`‡k©B cwic~Y© n‡q I‡V| e¨w³i AwamË¡v nj GKwU
evnb hv mgv‡Ri HwZn¨, g~j¨‡eva, Ges Av`k©¸‡jv‡K GK cyi“l †_‡K Ab¨ cyi“l chš—©
enb K‡i |
P~ZšÍ ¯Íi
nj e‡qv:mwÜKvj| GwU ïi“ nq 12 eQi eqm †_‡K Ges evKx Rxeb ch©š— Zvi e„w× N‡U| G
¯—‡i †hŠb Rxeb cybivq RvMÖZ nq Ges hyeiv mZš¿fv‡e mgeqmx‡`i cÖwZ AvK…ó I
DrmvwnZ nq| d«‡qW wek¦vm K‡ib †h, ˆkke
†_‡K †hŠe‡bi e‡qv:mwÜKv‡j c`©vcb Kiv AZ¨š— KwVb; KviY GwU GKwU AZ¨š— KwVb I
RwUj mgq| cÖ_gZ: wcZv-gvZviv GB mg‡q
mš—vb‡`i mv‡_ wK iKg AvPiY Ki‡e Zv Rv‡b bv Ges wbwÏó KZ¸‡jv mgm¨v¸‡jv wK fv‡e
†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡e ZvI Zviv ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡i bv| wØZxqZ:
GB ¯—‡i e‡qvmwÜi welqwU Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Aí mg‡q N‡U _v‡K| hLb GB ¯—iwU mwVK fv‡e Kv‡R e¨envi nq bv, ZLb GB
eq‡mi DwØMœZv I Øܸ‡jv cÖvß eq‡mi g‡a¨I †_‡K hvq| ZvB GB mgq‡K w¯’wZKvj ejv nq
ev G mg‡q e¨w³i DbœwZ aiv c‡o| cÖ_g ¯—‡i wek¦vm ev Awek¦vm wk¶v jvf nq Ges Zv
g‡bi g‡a¨ `„pfv‡e ¯’vqx nq| GKRb e¨w³i gvbwmK †h weKvk Zv f‡q me`©v nvivq, mZ©K
nq Ges AwZwi³ mvnvh¨Kvix I †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z Amg_¨© nq|
cÖvßeq¯‹
e¨w³i Rxe‡b SuywK Ges ¯^vaxbZv| 2q av‡c wkïiv
Aek¨B wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wk‡L| Avi hw` Zv bv nq Zvn‡j Zvi g‡a¨
j¾v A_ev fq †`Lv †`q| GB mg‡q Zviv †hvM¨Zv ev Abychy³Zv mg‡Ü GKcÖKvi Abyf~wZ
jvf K‡i| g‡bvwe` d«‡qW wek¦vm K‡ib †h, GB av‡c †h mg¯— e¨w³iv gvbwmK DbœwZ‡Z
euvavcÖvß nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AwZwi³ GK¸‡q ev GK‡ivLv g‡bvfv‡ei w¯’iZv N‡U|
3q
av‡c wkïiv c`‡¶c wb‡Z wk‡L A_ev wb‡R‡`i †`vlx fv‡e| G‡¶‡Î †h e¨w³ gvbwmK
DbœwZ‡Z euvavcÖvß n‡q‡Q †m cieZx© Rxe‡b AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva ev wb‡R‡`i †`vlx fve‡Z
wk‡L| hviv wek„•Ljv I cÖwZeÜKZvcivqb Zv‡`i †¶‡Î G mg‡q e¨w³‡Z¡i ¯’vwqZ¡ NU‡Z
cv‡i| GUv Zvi D‡ËRK e¨w³Z¡, hv †`v`yj¨gvb, Aw¯’i Ges hvi fwel¨Z AwbwðZ| Ab¨w`‡K
Avgiv ‡`wL †h, wkï hw` g‡bv¯—vwZ¡K Ø›` KvwU‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Z‡e wkïi g‡a¨ †hŠb
AvKv•Lvi wewfbœ w`K †mœn, fvjevmvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk cvq | Avi ZLb †Q‡j eyS‡Z wk‡L
†h, Zvi evev GKRb †Q‡j gvbyl Avi †g‡q eyS‡Z wk‡L †h Zvi gv GKRb †g‡q gvbyl|
Gfv‡e Zviv †hŠbZv I cÖwZ‡kvacivqbZv wbqš¿b Ki‡Z †k‡L|
Dc‡iv³
wel‡q hvwš¿K / K…wÎg †KŠk‡ji D‡aŸ©I e¨w³i mnRvZ I Ø›`c~Y© gvbwmKZvi mv‡_ AvPiY
cÖ‡qvM cÖYvjx i‡q‡Q| GB D”PZg Kvh©Pvjb cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq Avš—te¨w³‡Z¡i mvgÄm¨
weÁvb ev e¨w³‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨| Avi GB Kv‡Ri m‡e©v”P MVY‡K ejv nq e¨w³‡Z¡i MVY| GLv‡b
†gvU 8wU bgybv Av‡Q| Avi GB 8 wU bgybv
hLb e¨w³i Rxe‡b e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv‡K e¨w³i Rxeb aviv ejv nq| Gi mvims‡¶c cieZ©x‡Z
16 c„ôvq †`Iqv Av‡Q| g‡bvweÁvbx K¨‡ib ni&bx (1885-1952) ch©‡e¶Y K‡i
†`Lv‡”Qb †h, gvbyl wZb fv‡e Zvi AvPiY cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K hv 8wUi msw¶ß iƒc i‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b Avgiv †`wL †h gvbyl gvby‡li Kv‡Q hvq ¯^xK…wZ I fvjevmv †c‡Z| Avi GB ai‡Yi
†jvK A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj ev webxZ nq| Avi †h mg¯— gvbyl gvby‡li wei“‡× hvq ¶gZv
cvevi Rb¨ Zviv we‡`ªvn, kΓZv Ges Ang cÖKvk K‡i| Zviv n‡”Q ¯^vaxb| Avi †h mg¯—
e¨w³iv gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq ev mvgvwRKfv‡e Ae¨vnwZ †c‡Z Pvq Zviv n‡”Q
wewQbœ e¨w³|
cieZx©‡Z,
w_‡qv‡Wv‡i wgjb, ni&bxi ch©‡e¶Y‡K 8wU e¨w³‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨‡Z DwbœZ K‡ib| wZwb
†`Lvb †h, gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv wba©vwiZ nq hLb gvbyl Rxeb‡K gvwb‡q
†bevi mvnvh¨ cvq ZLb| wewQbœ e¨w³iv wb‡Ri wKsev A‡b¨i mvnvh¨ Pvqbv| wKš‘
wbf©ikxj e¨w³iv wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Q I A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K mg_©b jv‡fi †¶‡ÎI Aš—©Ø‡›` _v‡K|
Zviv wb‡Ri ev A‡b¨i e¨vcv‡i `„pfv‡e wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡ibv| gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K `~‡i
ev Zv‡`i wei“‡× G¸‡jv 8wU mywbw`©©ó¨ Avš—te¨w³‡Z¡i ˆewkó ˆZix K‡i|
hw`
†Kvb e¨w³, wb‡R‡K †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i, Zvi †¶‡Î D‡jwLZ †h †Kvb
‰ewkó cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, we‡kl K‡i e¨w³i Ae¯’v Abymv‡i †h bvwK wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb
eyS‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ Avš—te¨w³‡Z¡i mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i GKUv Dcv`vbB
_vK‡Z cv‡i hv Zvi Rb¨ AvivgcÖ` I myweavRbK g‡b n‡e| GUvB n‡e Zvi Rb¨ wbZ¨w`‡bi
weÁvb ev ˆewkó¨| Zvici 2wU Dcv`vb Avm‡Z cv‡i hv †m Nb Nb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb
myk„•Lj e¨w³iv, KwVb I GK‡ivLv g‡bvfvevcbœ Ges Kv‡Ri Kg©¶g wKš‘ †h †Kvb cvwU©‡Z
†M‡j †m cy‡ivgvÎvq mvgvwRK, Avjvcx I Avc¨vqbkxj n‡Z cv‡i| hw` Zvi AwaKvi jw•NZ
nq,Zvn‡j †m KwVbgbv n‡Z cv‡i Ges `„pZvi mv‡_ ¯úófvlx n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| wKsev
cÖv_©bvi mgq D`vmxb, †e`bv‡evanxb e¨w³i gZ kvš—-‡Kvgj n‡Z cv‡i|
GB
8wU ˆewkó¨ ¯^v¯’¨cÖ` ev A¯^v¯’¨cÖ` n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡`©k`v‡b hLbB GB ˆewkó¨mg~n
A¯^v¯’¨cÖ` nq ZLb Gi bvg Avgiv cvëve|
†hgbt †e`bv‡evanxb-AmvgvwRK, ¯úk©KvZi-Acwinvh©, mn‡hvMx-eva¨, mvgvwRK-m½wjáy
BZ¨vw`||
msw¶ß
avc/ch©vq eY©bv
1g ch©vqt †e`bvnxb D`vmx e¨w³Z¡
GB av‡ci D”P gvb`‡Ûi e¨vw³iv wb‡R‡`i‡K kvš— Av‡eMnxb ivL‡Z hZœkxj
nq| Zviv †Lvjv-nv‡Zi I Db¥y³ g‡bi Ges mn‡R D‡ËwRZ nqbv| Zviv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_
Av‡e‡Mi Øviv hy³ nqbv Ges welq e¯‘i cÖwZ †Kvb †SuvK Abyfe bv Kivi cÖwZ †Rvi
†`q| Zviv Ab¨‡`i AeÁv K‡ibv wKš‘ Ab¨‡`i mv‡½ _vK‡Z Zviv D`vmxb|
2q chv©q t mn‡R Abyfebkxj e¨w³Z¡
GB av‡ci D”P gvb`‡Ûi e¨w³iv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ mv”Q›` fv‡e Pj‡Z wKQyUv
j¾¡v †eva K‡i Ges mvgvwRK fv‡e Amy¯’ cÖeY nq| Gai‡bi e¨w³iv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_
KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Z c”Q›` K‡i wKš‘ Zviv wk‡L‡Q †h, Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ `yiZ¡ eRvq ivLv Ges
Ab¨‡`i eÜz‡Z¡ Av¯’v bv ivLv fvj | hw`I Zviv A‡bK mgq GKvKxZ¡ Abyfe K‡i; Zviv
e¨w³MZ m¤ú©K cwinvi K‡i, cÖZ¨vLv‡b fq cvq Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i cÖwZ
Lye `„p Abyf~wZ cÖeY nq|
3q ch©vq t mn‡hvwMZv e¨w³Z¡
GB ch©v‡qi e¨vw³iv Ab¨‡`i
mv‡_ m¤ú©K eRvq ivL‡Z bgª-ü`q, †KvgjZvc~Y© Ges ¯^vfvweK nq| Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K
Rvwni Ki‡Z Pig fv‡e Awb”QyK, Z`ycwi †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ †bIqv cwinvi K‡i| A‡b¨i Dci
wbf©ikxj nIqvi cÖwZ Zv‡`i †SuvK †ekx _v‡K Ges Ab¨‡`i †bZ…Z¡ wb‡Z †`q, Zv‡`i
wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z c”Q›` K‡i| G¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ AR©b‡K ¸i“Z¡nxb e‡j cÖZxqgvb Kiv Ges
Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv‡K gyj¨nxb Kivi Av`k©¯^iƒc n‡q hvq|
4_© ch©vq t mvgvwRK e¨w³Z¡
GB ch©v‡qi e¨vw³iv euvPvj cÖK…wZi, mvgvwRK fv‡e AvKl©bxq A_ev
Av‡e‡Mi mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i cÖKvk K‡i| Zviv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Nwbó m¤ú©K eRvq ivL‡Z Pvq wKš‘
ev¯—‡e Zv Lye nvjKv nq| Gai‡bi e¨w³iv memgq bZzb wPËvKl©bxq Ges Avb›``vqK
AwfÁZv¸‡jv Lyu‡R| †ewki fvM mgq Zviv M`euvav wbq‡g Ges `xN©¯’vqx m¤ú‡©K wei³
†eva K‡i|
5g ch©vq t AvZ¥wek¦vmx e¨vw³Z¡
GB e¨w³‡Z¡i †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zvi Dci h‡_ó Av¯’v iv‡L Ges ‡ewki
fvM †¶‡Î Ab¨‡`i `„wó‡Z AvZ¥‡K›`ªxK Ges AnsKvix g‡b nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zviv Zv‡`i
wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ †hM¨Zv‡K m‡›`n K‡i Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmxi gZ AvPiY K‡i| GB ai‡bi e¨w³iv
Ab¨‡`i cÖwZ `vb Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lvq wKš‘ Zviv †Kvb mgq Zv‡`i mv‡_ hviv _v‡K Zv‡`i
cÖwZ †Kvb mn‡hvwZv †`Lvq bv|
6ô ch©vq t ‡R`x e¨w³Z¡
GB e¨w³‡Z¡i gvby‡liv cÖej B”Qv kw³, A`g¨ g‡bi, Ab¨‡`i †bZ…Z¡ ‡`Iqv
Ges kvmb Kiv cÖeY nq| Zviv Lye mn‡RB A‡b¨i †hvM¨Zvi cÖkœ K‡i Ges AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡
wb‡Z Pvq I †h ‡Kvb gû©‡Z wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z c”Q›` K‡i, Zviv †ewki fvM mgq ¯úóev`x,
wb`©q Ges A‡b¨i `~e©jZvq A‰ah©¨ cÖKvk K‡i|
7g ch©vq t wbqgZvwš¿K e¨w³Z¡
GB e¨w³‡Z¡i †jv‡Kiv Lye Avš—wiK g‡bvfv‡ei I `¶ nq| wbqg m‡PZb
e¨w³iv mewKQy mwVK Ges h_vh_ fv‡e Ki‡Z Pvq| Zviv Zv‡`i Av‡eM‡K `gb K‡i Ges
PvKwPK¨ †jvK‡`i Ac”Q›` K‡i| Zviv Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡e, mycwiKwíZ Xs‡q Rxebhvcb
K‡i‡Z c”Q›` K‡i| Zviv AbvMZ fwel¨ØvYx I AcÖZ¨vwkZ Ae¯’v cwinvi K‡i|
8g ch©vq t Abby‡gq e¨w³Z¡
GB ¯—‡ii e¨w³iv Amš‘ó I nZvk cÖeY nq| Zviv †ewki fvM mgq wb‡R‡`i‡K
fwel¨Øvwbnxb iƒ‡c AvPiY K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb mgq Zviv ewnM©gb Ges †KŠZznjx nq Ges
Zvici ZvovZvwo wecix‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB †jv‡Kiv †ewki fvM mgq Zv‡`i welbœZv‡K Aciv`
†eva wn‡m‡e Abyfe K‡i| Zv‡`i mv‡_ hviv Aš—fy©³ _v‡K Zv‡`i Kv‡Q `ytL cÖKvk K‡i
wKš‘ ¶wY‡Ki g‡a¨B Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡Mi welbœZv P‡j Av‡m|
GLv‡b
wZbwU ew³‡Z¡i wPý Av‡Q hvi Øviv `~e©j e¨w³‡Z¡i bgybv wePvi Kiv hvq| cÖ_gwU
n‡”Q, GB e¨w³ GwU e¨venvi Ki‡Z Abgbxq _v‡K| GB e¨w³ nq‡Zv †h‡Kvb Ae¯’vq †Kvb
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i| GKRb AbyfywZkxj e¨w³ Zvr¶wYK fv‡e Lye jw¾¡Z, fxZ, kvš— n‡Z
cv‡i; †m mvgvwRK Rxe‡b, ¯‹z‡j GgbwK cwievi ev AvZ¥xq-¯^b‡`i mv‡_ mshy³ _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| Ggb Ae¯’vq †m GZ `ye©j n‡q hvq †h, †m Lye Kg wb‡R‡K Rvwni K‡i hLb Zvi
wb‡Ri wKQy cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ggb wK hLb Zvi AwaKvi j•Nb Kiv n‡”Q ZLbI| GKRb mvgvwRK
e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ e¨w³ weevn K‡i wKš‘ cvwievwiK wbqg, wbqgZvwš¿K Rxe‡b †m wei³‡eva
K‡i| †m RuvKvj kvwoi wcQ‡b A‡bK A_© AcPq K‡i| †m †cÖ‡gi fvb Ki‡Z Af¨¯— Ges Zvi
¯^vgx m‡›`n K‡i †h, Zv‡`i mš—vb Zvi wb‡Ri cyÎ wKbv| Zvi A‡bK eÜz-evÜe Av‡Q e‡j
g‡b n‡jI Zv‡`i mv‡_ Zvi †Kvb Nwbô m¤ú©K M‡o D‡V bv|
2q
`~e©j MVb cÖYvjx n‡”Q †h, AveZ©b P‡µi gZ DbœwZ jvf K‡i| Zvr¶wYK fv‡e, GKRb
Mwe©Z, `„p g‡bvfve m¤úbœ cÖgvYKi e¨w³ Zvi mnKg©x‡`i Zvi wei“‡× wb‡q Avm‡e| Zvi
cÖwZ`v‡b †m Av‡iv †ekx N„Y¨ I ivMx nq Ges ejv nq Zzwg †h KvD‡K wek¦vm Kibv Zv
gvÎ cªgvY K‡i| Gfv‡e Zvi mgm¨v¸‡jv cÖPÊfv‡e e„w× cvq Ges wPi¯’vqx nq|
‡ivMwe`¨vMZ
†KŠk‡ji Z…Zxq wewkô MVb n‡”Q w¯’iZvi Afve| GB e¨w³ bgYxq| Zvi AvwgZ¡ kw³ `~e©j|
ZvB †m Awahš¿ev` i¶vq Kg©-kw³ e¨q Kivi w`‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i|
GLv‡b
gvbwmK Ae¯’vi gyj¨vqb Ki‡Z wZbwU wP‡ýi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K)
ev¯—eZv m‡PZb t Awahš¿ev` i¶v †hgb, mshg e¨w³i ev¯—eZv
A¯^xKvi Kivi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| ZviciI †m e‡j †h, KvD‡K wek¦vm Kiv hv‡e bv|
L)
Av‡eMxq `gb t GKRb mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© e¨w³ hw`
Awahš¿ev`¸wji mg_©b AR©b Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, †m Lye mn‡R AwZwi³ nZvkvq fyM‡Z cv‡i|
e¨w³ wkïi gZ m¼zwPZ, Amnvq n‡q hvq, `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †m Zvi eywׇK
`wg‡q iv‡L| Zviv hw` mgw_©Z bv nq, Z‡e Mfxi wbivb‡›` cwZZ n‡Z cv‡i|
M)
Ávb mseiY t
†Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯úk©KvZi e¨w³‡`i wPš—b Ges Av‡eM GZ cÖKUfv‡e `wgZ ev
AvUKv‡bv _v‡K †h Zvi wPš—b Ges wPš—vaviv LwÊZ Ges wehy³ n‡q hv‡e| e¨w³
wØavØw›`Z n‡e Ges K_vevZ©v Gvjv‡g‡jv n‡q hv‡e|
GiKg
GKR‡bi nvjKv w¯’iZv hw` mwµq, AwaKZi AebwZi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi weKviZ¡
eb¨wew”QbœZv †_‡K wbqwš¿Z wew”QbœZvi w`‡K avweZ nq| ZvB cÖwZeÜK Awahš¿ev` mnRvZ
cÖe„w˸‡jv Ges Aš—`©›Ø ¸‡jvi wbqš¿Y nviv‡Z ïi“ Ki‡e| Avf¨š—ixY I evwn¨K kw³i
¸i“Z¡ AwaKZi †ewk n‡q hv‡e| j¶Y¸‡jv cÖKvk cv‡e| GB j¶Y¸‡jv n‡e DwØMœZv,
mœvqyweK cxov A_ev gvbwmK weKviRvZ Amy¯’Zv A_ev G¸‡jvi mswgkªY|
DwØMœZv
†fvMx GKRb‡K memgq D‡ËwRZ g‡b n‡e, wkw_j n‡Z AcivM, †euvSvw`‡Z AZ¨waK cxwoZ,
Dc`ªeKi, wLUwL‡U, fq I Pig `yt‡L Av‡bvw›`Z gb Ges wb`ªvnxbZv I A™¢yZ wbkv¯^‡cœi
cÖwZ Avmw³| Zvi AvKv•Lv Lye Kg _vK‡e Ges m¤¢eZ AeY©bxq Aemv` †fvM Ki‡e| †Kvb
†Kvb mgq Zz”Q NUbv¸wj weaŸsmx Ges g‡bvej †f‡½ †`Iqvi gZ †`Lv ‡`q| GwU nq Kvib
Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Am‡PZb fxwZ¸wj †f‡½ PzY©-wePzY© n‡q hv‡”Q| A‡hŠw³K kΓZv
Ges Aciva‡eva GB `vwei gZ g‡b nq| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †iMxi ü`¯ú›`b †e‡o hvq, `ª“Z
k¦vm-cÖk¦vm ‡bq, †m `ye©j n‡q c‡o ewg Ki‡Z Pvq, VvÛ Ges `ye©j Abyfe K‡i Ges
AZ¨waK †N‡g ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
A‡b‡Ki
†¶‡Î hLb AbyKiY wbqš¿Y Ges fvimvg¨Zv †f‡½ hvq, L¨vcv‡U e¨w³‡Z¡i j¶Y¸wj †ewi‡q
Av‡m| mœvqyweK cxov n‡”Q, e¨w³‡Z¡i g„`yZv ev mnbxq wew”QbœZvi e¨vwa| ZviciI
bvUKxq wPý¸wj n‡”Q †hgb, AvZ¼ Ges ˆecixZ¨ (g„Mx‡ivM)| GB A¯^v”Q›`Zv _vKv m‡Z¡I
Zviv Zv‡`i Avf¨š—ixY fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i Ges mvgvwRK wµqvKg© K‡i| Zv‡`i j¶Y¸wjB
Zv‡`i‡K Am‡PZb DwØMœZv Ges kΓZv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z mvg_©¨ K‡i †`q Ges g‡bv‡hvM,
mg_©b Ges Ab¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K mngwg©Zv; GKB mgq Ab¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K g‡bv‡hvM, mg_©b Ges
mngwg©Zv Aby‡iva K‡i|
¯^vaxb e¨w³ mË¡v¸wj
mœvq~‡iv‡M †fv‡M bv| hw` Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y mvwe©K w`K w`‡q mgwš^Z bv nq Z‡e Zviv
`y:wðš—vi Avµg‡Y gw¯—¯‹ I mvgvwRK mvgÄm¨nxbZvq †fv‡M| bxowjß e¨w³ mË¡vM‡jv
gvbwmK weKvi RwbZ Amy¯’Zvq †fv‡M bv| hw` Zv‡`i ev¯—weK `ye©jZv¸‡jv‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i Z‡e Zviv w÷‡KvR †iv‡M †fv‡M|
mvaviYZ
6wU mœvq~‡ivM i‡q‡Q
1|
phobia (AvZsK RwbZ †ivM)- A™¢yZ I wePvi eyw×nxb fq †mB e¨w³i Rvbv A‡hŠw³ZK wKš‘
†h¸‡jv Aek¨B cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| fq †`Lv‡bv e¯‘ wKQy A‡PZb `ywðš—vi cÖZxK|
`y:wðš—vi Rb¨ wKQy cÖwZ¯’vcb Kivi gva¨‡g e¨w³ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ `y:wðš—v Z¨vM Ki‡Z
cv‡i |
2|
Conversion (cwiewZ©Z nIqv) (g„Mx‡ivM mœvqy‡ivM) - kvwiwiK j¶Y¸‡jv hv Avw½K
Amy¯’Zvi gZ †`Lv hvq| †hgb †`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ Aek n‡q hvIqv, kix‡ii wKQy Ask Avmvo,
ewaiZv, `„k¨gvb cªwZewÜZ¡Zv, wLPzbx, K_v ejvi mgm¨ Ges evKv AvZsK ev N„Yvi gZ
GB j¶Y¸wj g‡bvwPš—vi cÖZxK|
3|
Dissociation (mgvRP~Z¨Kvix) - wew”QbœZv ev we‡”Q‡`i Abyf~wZ, nZweneŸj Ae¯’vi gZ
Ae¯’v, ¯^cœPvixZv (RvwMqv Nygv), m¤ú~Y© ¯§„wZ †jvc, eû Dcv`v‡b MwVZ e¨w³Z¡‡KI
Ae¨w³Z¡ m¤úbœ mœvq~‡ivM e‡j|
4|
Obsessive (gb‡K Avweô) - ejcÖ‡qvM mœvq~‡ivM| †R`x wPš—v †_‡K e¨w³ gy³ n‡Z cv‡i
bv, AjxK ev AmsMZ KvR I ixwZ-bxwZ¸wj hv‡Z e¨w³ g‡b K‡i Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e, wbR
mË¡vi cÖwZ m‡›`n, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZvi AwZwi³ cÖ‡qvRb|
5|
Dijection (wbivb›`gqZv) - wbRmË¡vi AMÖvn¨Zv, Zz”QZvi Abyf~wZ, †`vlx Ges A¯úóZv|
wKQy D‡ËwRZ Ges fvi D‡ËvjK; Ab¨iv n‡e GKvwKZ¡ Ges wbi“rmvwnZ|
6|
Hypochondria (nvB‡cvKb)- AUj Ges AwZiwÄZ mshy³KiY ¯^v¯’¨ n«vm cvq hw`I †Kvb
Avw½K mgm¨v Lyu‡R †c‡Z cv‡i| GB gvbyl ¸wj wek¦¯—fv‡e fvb K‡i bv| hw`I GKRb e¨w³
Amy¯’Zvi fvb K‡i, GUv nvB‡cv‡Kvbwbqv bv GUv‡K e‡j KZ©e¨ Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †iv‡Mi fvb
(gvwjsMvwiI)|
me wek„•Lj mœvq~i 2wU D‡Ïk¨
i‡q‡Q| G¸wj nj cÖv_wgK AR©b I wØZxq AR©b| cªv_wgK AR©b nj DwØMœZv Kgv‡bv Ges
wØZxq AR©b nj g‡bv‡hvM, mnv‡bvf~wZ I mg_©b cvIqv| ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h ZvwjKv ¸wj
Ae‡Pb|
GKwU †¯‹j ev gvb`Û hv,
gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv Ges my¯^v¯’¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq, GLv‡b wZbwU wbqš¿Y avc D‡jøL Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| m‡ev©”P av‡c ejv nq mnRjf¨Zv ev bgbxqZv| GLv‡b Avwg AvURb my‡KŠkjx I
`¶ e¨w³i wewfbœZv e¨envi K‡iwQ| Avwg e¨envi KiwQ Avgvi hš¿wk‡íi `¶Zv, †hgb GKUv
dzj ej wUg‡K ‡f‡½ †`Iqv| Gmg¯—B Avgv‡K mnR K‡i †`q Avwg †Kv_vq Avwg †h‡Z PvB|
Avgvi Rxeb hvcb nj bgbxq I w¯’i| AZ:ci Avgvi Rxe‡b wKQy Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y Avwg Av‡iv
AwaK hvwš¿K cÖwZ‡iva e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| G‡`i ejv nq cÖwZ‡iva ¯—i KviY Avwg
e¨wn¨K I Avf¨š—ixY ûgKx A_ev Pvc †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v KiwQ| GLv‡b Avgvi †ivM we`¨v
nj big/bgbxq e¯‘Z: d«‡qW GB ¯—i‡K e‡j cÖwZw`bKvi g‡bv‡ivM we`¨v| Avgvi ev¯—e
m‡PZbZv †Kej gvÎ cÖwZ‡iva hvwš¿KZvev` Øviv mvgvb¨ fv‡e n«vm †c‡q‡Q (cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖwZi¶v hvwš¿KZvev` ev †h‡Kvb fv‡e ev¯—eZv A¯^xKvi ev weK…Z K‡i)| GKB fv‡e
Avgvi Av‡ewMK Ges Rvbv‡Z m¶g wbqš¿Y n‡jv †KejgvÎ mvgvb¨fv‡e n«vm †c‡q‡Q| myZivs
Avwg fvjgZ KvR Ki‡Z cvwi| hw` Pvc Dckg bv nq Z‡e Avwg D`weMœZvq A_ev mœvq~weK
cxovq †fvM‡Z ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi| GB ¯—i‡K ejv nq Dyscontrd Ggb wK GLv‡b Avgvi †ivM
we`¨v‡K †Kej gvÎ Zxeª mxgve× Kiv|
A‡bK
gvbyl D`weMœZv, mœvq~weKZvi, K_v _vKv m‡Ë¡I cÖwµqvkxj Rxeb hvcb K‡i| ‡m hvB
†nvK, Avwg Avgvi Kv‡Ri †¶‡Îi Kvh©µg msw¶ß Kie Kvib Avgvi kw³ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q
mvgvb¨fv‡e Ges Avgvi wbqš¿YI `ye©j| mvaviYZ: gvbyl GB ¯—‡i wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cv‡i| AwaKš„‘: aŸsm ev AebwZ GKRb e¨w³‡K K‡Vvi Ae¯’vq wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b
wbqš¿YnxbZv GZ †ekx KwVb †h †ivMx Avi mv&aviY Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB
ai‡Yi wKQy Ae¯’v‡K ejv P‡j gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxbZv hv c‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
hw` e¨w³i ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva
cÖwµqv m¤ú~Yiƒ‡c †f‡½ c‡o Zvn‡j wZb ai‡bi †h‡Kvb GKwU Ae¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| G
Ae¯’v¸‡jv n‡jv wm‡Rv‡d«wbqv, mvB‡Kv‡dªwbqv Ges †civ‡d«wbqv| e¨w³i gvbwmK
AeKvVv‡gv cwic~Y©fv‡e webó nq| †ivMx AvZ¥-wbqbªY ¶gZv I mvgvwRKZvi g‡bvfve
nvwi‡q †d‡j| ZvB GKwU wkïi gZ Zvi hZ¥ wb‡Z nq| ev¯—e †PZbv GZB `ye©j n‡q c‡o †h
†m Kíbv I ev¯—eZv‡K c„_K K‡i wPb‡Z cv‡i bv| wPš—v ev Abygvb Kivi ¶gZv nvwi‡q
†d‡j| GB `yi©fvM¨ RbK e¨w³ A‡bK †¶‡Î AcÖvmw½K I A™¢yZ wPš—v †cvlY K‡i Ges cÖvq
åvš— `k©‡bi cÖeYZv cwijw¶Z nq| wPwýZ Pig Ae¯’vi wbi“cY wnmv‡e G Ae¯’v‡K AwfwnZ
Kiv nq| hw` G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _v‡K, G AacZb NU‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j GK mgq Mfxi Pig Ae¯’vi
ch©vq Av‡m| GUv‡K ejv nq wea¯— e¨w³Z¡| KviY †ivMx G Ae¯’vq AvZ¥-h‡Z¥i Ges AvZ¥
g‡bve‡ji †Póv †Q‡o †`q Ges g‡b nq †hb e¨w³‡Z¡i AeKvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wea¯—
n‡q‡Q| ‡iv‡Mi MwZ c~ev©fvm †Kvb Avkvi mÂvi K‡i bv| G ai‡bi †ivMx‡K ivLvi †¶‡Î
wPi Rxe‡bi Rb¨ nvmcvZv‡j ivL‡Z nq| GB Dc‡iv³ wPwýZ Pig Ae¯’vq mKj †ivMxi GKUv
mvaviY j¶¨ †`Lv hvq| GwU nj nxbgb¨Zv I we‡”Q‡`i GKwU Abyf~wZ †hgbwU cÖvqB
¯^‡cœi g‡a¨ Abyf~Z nq| †m g‡b K‡i †h A™¢yZ nZeyw×Ki †Kvb kw³i Kvi‡b †hb †m
GKvwU A¯úó I fxwZ Ki c„w_ex‡Z wePiY Ki‡Q| †m wb‡R‡K g‡b K‡i A™¢yZ ev AcwiwPZ
†KD, GKwU fxZmš¿¯— cÖvYx hv †m †Kvb g‡Z Avi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| nZeyw× I AvkvnxY
Ae¯’vq †m GKvKx c‡o _v‡K|
GB mvaviY j‡¶¨i Kvi‡Y
mvB‡Kv‡d«wbqv Ges †c‡iv‡d«wbqv Avµvš— †ivMxiv cÖvqB wm‡Rv‡d«wbqv †ivMx wnmv‡e
wPwýZ nq| Z‡e Zv‡`i AvPiY I AbyfywZ wKQy cv_K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| mwZ¨Kv‡i wew”Qbœ
e¨w³Z¡ A_vr D`vwmb Ges ¯úk© KvZi e¨w³Z¡ ‡_‡K m„ó nq (1,2)|mvB‡Kv‡d«wbqv †iv‡Mi
m„wó nq wbf©ikxj Ges `ygbv e¨w&³Z¡ †_‡K mvnvh¨ cÖvY, mvgvwRK, mgiƒcx Ges
wØavMÖ¯— e¨w³Z¡ †_‡K (3,4,7,8)| GKBfv‡e ¯^vaxb I `ygbv Rxeb Ae¯’v A_vr
AvZ¥-wbwðZ, AvZ¥ c¶ mg©_Kvix, mgiƒcx Ges wØavMÖ¯— Avš—: e¨w³K Ae¯’v n‡Z Avwef~Z
nq †c‡iv‡d«wbqv †ivM|
hw` e¨w³‡Z¡i AeKvVv‡gv
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cÖdzj&‡jvfve, nvm¨im, ¶wZKi n‡Z cv‡i Ges weÁ, ayZ© n‡Z cv‡i| wek„sLj
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wkï‡`i cÖvq A‡a©KB Zv‡`i K_v ejvi Af¨vm evwo‡q †Zv‡j bv, Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ hviv K‡i
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ci¯úi fvB-‡evb| cÖvPxbKv‡j g~j Av`‡k©i
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wb‡R‡`i‡K eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Ab¨‡`i GB wZb ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| evi‡Yi
me©vwaK cÖKvwkZ eB ÒGomes people play” hv 1968 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb
Av‡iv `ywU eB cÖKvk K‡ib| eB¸‡jv n‡jv : ÒWhat do you say after you say Hello”
Ges ÒScripts People live” nvwi‡mi iwPZ eB ÒI am ok, You are ok” hv evi‡Yi wU,
G, gZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i iwPZ n‡qwQj| evi‡Y 1972 mv‡j gviv hvb|
`„k¨gvb
c`‡¶c
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ch©v‡q| Zviv wek¦vm KiZ †h eskMwZi †P‡q
cwi‡ek †ekx ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, wKš‘ AwZwi³ bq hv Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z †`Le AvPi‡Yi †¶‡Î|
Aš—wb©wnZ Ges ewnivMZ e¨w³i cÖavb cv_©K¨ †Rvi †`q Ae‡PZ‡bi wei“‡× †PZb c×wZi|
GB ai‡bi e¨w³iv e‡j _v‡Kb †h, GKRb e¨w³ Zvi Aš—wb©wnZ Rxeb mg‡Ü djvdj Zz‡j a‡i
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cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl c„w_ex‡K wewfbœfv‡e †`‡L Ges wewfbœfv‡e Zvi Abyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i| GB
we‡kl Dcjwä GKRb e¨w³i †¶‡Î cÖavb KviY †h, g‡bvwe`¨vi GB kvLv wewfbœ gZev` Z¨vM
K‡i Ges mgwóMZ gvby‡li Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv‡K D”P gv‡b wb‡q hvq Ges †Póv K‡i GB me
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K‡i e¨w³ Kv‡RB Zvi c~Y©v½ a¨vb-aviYv `vb
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m‡e©vrK…ó aviYvK…Z GKK Ges D”P I ALÊ c×wZ| e¨w³ev`x g‡bvweÁvb weÁvbvMv‡i
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K‡i _v‡K|
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`k©‡b hviv wek¦vm
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gZ‡f` `Õyai‡bi Áv‡bi K_v hv GKwUi mv‡_ AciwUi wgj †bB| GUv N‡U hLb GKRb e¨w³
wek¦vm K‡i hv Abyfe K‡i †h, GB NVbvUv mZ¨ Ab¨vb¨‡`i Pv‡ci gy‡L Zvi Dci Pvwc‡q
†`qv nq ZLb ‡m wØavMÖ¯’ nq| GB KviY ¸‡jv Zv‡K wb‡R †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i KviY GB
Awgj Zv‡K cÖK…Z Abyf~wZ I wek¦vm‡K c„_K K‡i| hLb GKRb e¨w³ Zvi cÖK…Z Abyf~wZ‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i hv †m AwfÁZv K‡i‡Q Ges wbtk¦Zvi Ae¯’v Abyfe K‡i Ges Af¨š—ixY ïb¨Zv
I D‡Ïk¨nxbZvi Ae¯’v Abyfe K‡i| GB ai‡bi gvbyl wek¦vm K‡i †h, cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbexq
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d«qwWq gZev` †_‡K c„_K K‡i KviY d«‡qW e‡j‡Qb †Kvb wel‡qi g~j Kvib n‡”Q kixi
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c„_K, whwb Avš—te¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©i Dci me©v‡c¶v ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| Zviv e‡j _v‡Kb
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AvZ¥ aviYv e¨vcKI n‡Z cv‡i Ges e¨w³ wewfbœ ai‡bi AwfÁZvq wb‡R‡K Db¥y³ ivL‡Z
cv‡i; Ab¨ w`‡K hviv mxwgZ a¨vb aviYvi AwaKvix Zviv LyeB Aí cwigvY AwfÁZv‡K mn¨
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
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ai‡bi cÖebZvi AwaKvix hv ev¯—‡e cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZwb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, gvbyl
†Kvb GKwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v kw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| GB PvwjKv kw³ ev ü`‡qi AvKv•¶v ev
Pvwn`v wewfbœ ai‡Yi AwfÁZvi w`‡K avweZ hv gvbexq ¶gZv ¸‡jv‡K c~Y©Zv `vb K‡i|
wZwb Av‡iv wek¦vm K‡ib †h GB c×wZ‡Z gvbyl GKwU mnRvZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Av`‡j/ (avivq )
cwiPvwjZ nq, GB Rb¥MZ kw³ †Kvb& AwfÁZv mwVK Ges †Kvb&wU mwVK bq Zv
eyS‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GB mnRvZ cÖeYZv Ges PvwjKv kw³i Øviv GKRb gvbyl my¯’¨ Ges
mvgÄm¨c~Y© e¨w³Z¡ jvf K‡i|
`yf©vM¨ekZ, GB AvZ¥ `„pZvi
cÖeYZv Af¨š—ixY KÚ¯^i LyeB `ye©j hv mn‡R Ab¨ wKQy Øviv Pvcv c‡o| iRvi e‡jb †h
A‰bK¨ I DwØMœZv Kgv‡bv hvq e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK wePv‡ii g‡a¨ †h AmsnwZ i‡q‡Q Zv
A¯^xKvi ev weK…wZ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q Ges e¨w³ nq‡Zv ev mgv‡R Lye fvj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i
hw`I Zvi gvbexq e„w× evuavMÖ¯’ nq| hvB †nvK GB aviYv cÖvqB e¨_© n‡e Ges ZLb
e¨w³i wbR¯^ avivi wek„•LjZv †`Lv †`‡e Ges gvbwmK fv‡eI A‡bK mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡e|
iRvi Av‡iv Av`k© mË¡v ebvg mË¡vi g‡a¨ †h mgm¨v i‡q‡Q ZvI wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡ib|
Av`k© mË¡v n‡”Q Ggb GKwU e¨w³ hv Avwg n‡Z PvB| hLb Av`k© mË¡v I mË¡vi g‡a¨ A‡bK
†ewk G‡K Ab¨ †_‡K Avjv`v nq hLb A‡bK `~iZ¡ m„wó nq ZLb e¨w³i g‡a¨ A¯^w¯’
Am‡š—vl Ges mœvqyweK mgm¨vi D™¢e nq| Gi mgvavb n‡”Q e¨w³ †hgb Zv‡K †mB fv‡e
wb‡R‡K MÖnY Kiv| GKRb e¨w³ †h iKg †mfv‡e wb‡R‡K MÖnY Kiv GKwU my¯’ gvbywlKZvi
wPý| GwU GKwU wecixZ mZ¨ †h hLb GKRb gvbyl wb‡Ri Dci †Rvi †`q ZLb †m wb‡Ri e„w×
I cwieZ©b Avbq‡b mg_© nq, wb‡R‡K MÖnY bv Kiv n‡”Q e¨w³MZ e„w×i eo evav| A A Gi
mij cÖv_©bv GB wd‡jvmwdi aviYv‡K Av‡iv mnR K‡i †Zv‡j| Ck¦i Avgv‡`i †mB iKg kvš—
fve `vb Ki“b †h mg¯— wRwbm Avgiv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwibv Zv †hb Avgiv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cvwi, hv Avgiv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi Zv cwieZ©b Kivi kw³ `vb Ki“b Ges cv_©K¨ †evSvi
Ávb `vb Ki“b| Kvj iRvi g‡°j †Kw›`ªK KvDwÝwjb cÖwZôv K‡ib hv‡K Awb‡`©kK
KvDwÝwjbI ejv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z †m Wv³vi †ivMxi m¤úK© Gwo‡q P‡j| g‡°j c×wZ KvDwÝwjb
G mgfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| civgk©`vZv g‡°‡ji Rb¨ GKRb mwµq I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨w³ wKš‘
civgk©`vZv Zv‡K my¯’ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m ïay Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqZv `vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b g‡°j Zvi ¶gZv ¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi K‡i| Ggb GKwU cwi‡e‡k gvbyl
mvaviYZ Zv‡`i Abyf~wZ ¸‡jv my›`i fv‡e web¨vm K‡i Zv‡`i AvPiY ¸‡jv‡K wfbœ iƒ‡c/
`‡j fvM K‡i Ges Zv‡`i mZš¿ e¨w³Z¡‡K `„piƒ‡c cÖwZôv K‡i| Ab¨K_vq wb‡Ri DrKl©
mva‡bi Rb¨ welq avh© I cwiPvjbv Kivi †¶‡Î g‡°jB `¶ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv ev civgk©
`vZv bq| civgk©`vZv Dc‡`‡ki ga¨w`‡q mnvqZv K‡ib bv eis g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mwnZ K_v
†kvbvi ga¨w`‡q K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡K mwµq kªeY e‡j|
GKRb g‡bvweÁvbx Gfv‡e Dcjwä
I eyS‡Z cv‡i Zvi Aš—i mË¡vUv †Kgb? civgk©K e¨w³ †hfv‡e Zvi AwfÁZv I mgm¨v ¸‡jv
eY©bv K‡i †Kvb iƒc fvjg›` wePvi bv K‡iB wZwb †kv‡bb| Gfv‡e mvnvh¨Kvix †m e¨w³i
g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb| civgk©K Ges g‡°‡ji mv‡_ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Ges GUv ‡mB m¤úK© hv
e¨w³‡K wbivgq K‡i| GKRb e¨w³i AwfÁZvi mv‡_ Ab¨ e¨w³i mwZ¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i d‡j †mB
e¨w³ my¯’Zvi w`‡K avweZ nq| GUv PgrKvi Ges mvgÄm¨c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i cÖKvk| †Kbbv GB
m¤úK© gvbe RvwZi GKRb m`‡m¨i mv‡_ m¤úK© hy³| iRvi wek¦vm K‡ib †h, †Kvb cÖwk¶K
bq eis GKRb mvaviY gvbyl Ab¨‡`i my¯’ K‡i †Zv‡j A_ev Zv‡`i‡K my¯’ n‡Z mg_© K‡i
†Zv‡j|
iRvi Av‡iv wek¦vm K‡i †h
civgk© `v‡bi mgq K_v¸‡jv Aek¨B Av‡ivM¨ `vbKvixi gZ n‡Z n‡e| kã e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
LyeB †f‡e wP‡š—| g‡°‡ji Rb¨ ïaygvÎ Dc‡`k K`vwPZ cª‡qvRb nq| hv me‡P‡q †ewk
cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡”Q g‡°‡ji K_v †kvbv| wPwKrm‡Ki K_v bq, †ivMxi g‡bi K_vB n‡”Q
GLvbKvi wPwKrmK| Ab¨K_vq g‡°j wb‡RB Zvi Wv³vi, ÒwPwKrmK wb‡RB wb‡R‡K my¯’ K‡i
†Zv‡j|Ó GRb¨ iRvi g‡b K‡ib civgk© `v‡bi mgq g‡°‡ji Dci cÖvavb¨ we¯—vi wbqš¿Y ev
†m e¨w³i Rb¨ †Kvb aviYv ev B”Qv¸‡jv wba©viY K‡i †`Iqv wVK bq| mnvbyf~wZ ev
mvš—¡bv `v‡bi m¤úK© Ab¨iKg| wPwKrmK g‡°‡ji K_v †kvbv I mvov `vb‡K e‡j h_v_©
mngwg©Zv| h_v_© mngwg©Zvi A_© n‡”Q Avwg †Kvb e¨w³i Aš—tRMr Zvi gZ K‡i eyS‡Z
cvwi †hb GUv Avgvi wb‡Ri †Kvb welq| civgk©‡Ki cÖ‡kœ‡Ëvi mvaviYZ ev¯—e m¤§Z Ges
msw¶ß| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq †Kvb e¨w³i Pvgovq †hvM Kiv Ges Zv‡K eyS‡Z †`Iqv †h Zvi
Abyf~wZUv †Kgb Zv Avwg eS‡Z †c‡iwQ| hw`I Avwg e¨_© nB, Avwg hw` Zvi Ae¯’v eyS‡Z
ïay †Póv Kwi Gi A_© n‡”Q †h Avwg Zv‡K e¨w³ wn‡m‡e gh©v`v w`w”Q Ges Avwg wek¦vm
Kwi †h Zvi Abyf~wZ Ges g‡bi Ae¯’v eyS‡Z m¶g| cÖwZ‡ekx‡K fvjevmvi A_© n‡”Q Zv‡`i
Rb¨ Avgvi Rxe‡b RvqMv †`Iqv hv‡Z Zviv wb‡R‡`i c_ Lyu‡R wb‡Z cv‡i| Gi A_© n‡”Q
Zviv hv, Zv‡`i Zv n‡Z †`Iqv| iRvi kZ©nxb BwZevPK `„wófw½ K_v e‡jb| civgk©K GB
ai‡Yi g‡bvfve Zvi g‡°‡ji cÖwZ iRvi †Póv K‡ib| Gi A_© n‡”Q GKRb e¨w³ †h iKg,
†mfv‡eB Zv‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z Avwg †Póv Kwi Ges †m e¨w³‡K g~j¨vqb ev wePvi bv K‡i| G
m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î civgk©K g‡°‡ji Kv‡Q Lªx‡ói cÖwZg~wZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq Ges e¨w³
AvNvZ †n‡q wcQ‡b wd‡i bv| m¤§vb kãwU g‡°‡ji cÖwZ civgk©‡Ki g‡bvfv‡eiB †hvMdj|
iRvim kZ©nxb BwZevPK gh©v`vi K_v e‡jb Gi A_© n‡”Q Avwg G e¨w³‡K †m hv †mfv‡e
MÖnY Kwi KviY †m GKRb AvgviB g‡Zv gvbyl| Avwg hw` †m e¨w³i cÖwZ mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wek¦vm
_v‡K Zvn‡j Avwg Zv‡K Aek¨B wek¦vm Kie| Avwg wek¦vm Kwi †h G e¨w³i g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K
cwieZ©b Ges e„w× NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Af¨š—wib m¤ú` Ges kw³ i‡q‡Q| e¨w³i cÖwZ G ai‡bi
g‡bvfve Av‡iv cÖKvk K‡i †h Avwg Zvi cv‡k i‡qwQ, Avwg Zvi Rb¨| cÖwZwU e¨w³i
wfZ‡i GKwU myß m¤¢vebv wb‡q GwM‡q P‡j| hLbB G e¨w³‡`i Dci †KD hw` wek¦vm ¯’vcb
K‡i(myß m¤¢vebv ¸‡jv cÖKvk cvq)| G †¶‡Î hv cvIqv hvq Zv e¨e¯’vcbv‡K `vqx Kiv
hvq bv|
cwi‡k‡l gh©v`v A_© n‡”Q
g‡°‡ji mv‡_ wPwKrm‡Ki KvR Kivi B”Qv Ges wek¦vm Kiv †h, mgq I kw³ wewb‡qvM Kiv
A_©en| kZ©nxb k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb kZ© QvovB GKRb e¨w³ †hgb †mfv‡eB Zv‡K MÖnY
Kiv| DËg wcZvgvZv Zv‡`i mš—vb fvj ev g›` GB Kvi‡Y fvjev‡mbv eis Zviv †h Zv‡`i
mš—vb GB Kvi‡YB fvjev‡m Ges Gfv‡e Ck¦i Avgv‡`i kZ©nxb fv‡e fvjev‡m| Avgv‡`i‡K
Zuvi fvjevmv AR©b K‡i wb‡Z nq bv|
djcÖkÖ“ civgk©‡K Aek¨B
LuvwU n‡Z n‡e| GKRb e¨w³i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î Avgv‡K Aek¨B Avmj Ges Am¤ú~Y©
e¨w³ n‡Z n‡e| _¨vivwc÷ m¤úK© hy³ e¨w³i mv‡_ Zvi mvg‡b cÖKv‡k¨ Abyf~wZ Ges
g‡bvfve ¸‡jv‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z nq hv †m e¨w³ †_‡K Av‡m| civgk©K G mg¯— Abyf~wZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb Ges hw` Zv cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb Zv‡`i mv‡_ G e¨vcv‡i Avjvc Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Ab¨K_vq wZwb LyeB cÖvbeš— _v‡Kb Ges †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib|
GKRb
AvšÍwiK e¨w³ ZLbB ¯^Ztd~Z© AvPiY K‡i, hLb †m †KŠk‡j (Ab¨‡`i m¤§vb cÖ`k‡b©i Ask
wn‡m‡e) Avµgbv³ bv n‡q D`vi g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡i, Av‡eM Zvobv †_‡K gy³ _v‡K| GKB
mg‡q GKRb e¨w³ AvšÍwiK n‡Z cv‡i Avevi AvZ¥-iÿYkxj bvI n‡Z cv‡i, D`vniY ¯^iƒc
ejv hvq †h, hw` GKRb mvnvh¨cÖv_x© wb‡Ri cÖwZ †bwZevPK g‡bvfve cÖKvk K‡i...ej‡Z
cv‡i †h, ÒAvwg GLv‡b G‡m †Kb Ah_v mgq bó KiwQÓ| Gi Dˇi civgk©`vZv ej‡Z cv‡i,
ÒZzwgB GKRb †h, GUv‡K mgq bó Kiv e‡j g‡b KiQ Zvi gv‡b Zzwg wK †Zvgvi GB Ae¯’vi
DbœwZ PvI bvÓ A_ev ej‡Z cv‡i, Ò†mUv n‡”Q †Zvgvi wm×všÍÓ| G‡ÿ‡Î civgk©`vZv eyS‡Z
†Póv Ki†Z cv‡i, mvnvh¨cÖv_©xi wfZ‡i wK
Abyf~wZ n‡”Q: ÒGLv‡b †Zvgv‡K wb‡q G‡m ‡Zvgvi c~e© Aciv‡ai †Kvb cÖwZwnsmv MÖnY
Kiv n‡”Q bv| hw`I GUv g‡b nq djnxb GKUv AwaK wbivb›` KvRÓ| ZviciI wZwb e¨w³‡K
AvNv‡Zi cwie‡Z© Zvi mv‡_ KvR Pvwj‡q wb‡q
hv‡eb| Ab¨ †h m~¶ `¶Zv hv civgk©`vZv e¨envi K‡ib I mvnvh¨cÖv_x©‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡ib Zv n‡jv mvnvh¨cÖv_©xi mv‡_ HK¨gZ cÖKvk Kiv| GKRb e¨w³ ZLbB
ev¯Íem¤§Zfv‡e K_v e‡jb, hLb wZwb wbw`©ó Abyf~wZ, AvPiY, I NUbvmg~n wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| mnvbyf~wZi mv‡_ wgj ‡i‡L GB Dw³ `yÕai‡Yi: 1) welqe¯‘ ev
Dcv`vb 2) Abyf~wZ ev g‡bvfve| mvnvh¨cÖv_©xi mv‡_ HK¨gZ cÖKvk, hv Av‡jvPbv
mfvi MwZ I kw³i ZxeªZv wb‡q Av‡m; GUv Qvov Av‡jvPbv mfv weiw³Ki n‡q D‡V| Avgvi
fvj jvM‡Q bv K_vUv A¯úó Z‡e GUv ¯úó I ev¯Íem¤§Z †h, ÒMZ gv‡m Avgvi ¯¿xi mv‡_ †h
fqvbK SMov n‡q‡Q †mB ¯§„wZ Avgv‡K N„wYZ I wØavMÖ¯’ K‡i Zz‡j‡QÓ
fvlvi
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Ki †Zvgvi GB Amnvq †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wK n‡e! hvi gv‡b n‡PQ, Zv n‡jv Avwg ïay AevK n‡q
fvwe GB Amnvq †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rxe‡b wK NU‡e!Ó Ò hLb gvbyl †Zvgv‡K AeÁv K‡i ZLb Zzwg wbt¯^ Abyfe Ki| GUv bv e‡j, ejv hvq †h,
Avwg wbt¯^ Abyfe Kwi, hLb gvbyl Avgv‡K AeÁv K‡i|Ó A_ev hw` Dc‡`‡k ejv nq, ÒCk¦‡ii Dci fimv
ivL‡Z Avgv‡`i wkL‡Z n‡e| GUv bv e‡j, hw` GLv‡b ejv hvq Avgv‡K Ck¦‡ii Dci Av¯’v
ivL‡Z wkL‡Z n‡eÓ Zvn‡j Zv Av‡iv †ewk cÖZ¨¶, ev¯—e I e¨w³MZ nq| hw` civgk©`vZv
cÖkœ Ki‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zv‡K Aek¨B Zv wfZ‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Zzwg cÖkœ Ki Z‡e Ô†KbÕ kãUv
ev` w`‡Z n‡e| Ô†KbÕ Giƒc GKwU cÖkœ m&vnvh¨cÖv_©x‡K Zvi AZxZ Rxe‡b wb‡q hvq,
wKš‘ Zvi †P‡q ‡ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q eZ©gvb mg‡q _vKv ZvB eis KLb, †Kv_vq,
wKfv‡e, wK N‡U‡Q Ges eZ©gvb mg‡q Zvi wK Abyf~wZ n‡”Q Giƒc kã e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
Ò†Kb `yR‡b SMov ïiæ K‡iwQ‡j GUv bv e‡j, hLb `yR‡b SMov Ki ZLb wK N‡U, GUv ej‡j
fvj nq?Ó A_ev hLb Zzwg SMov Ki ZLb ‡Zvgvi g‡a¨ wK Abyf~wZ nq? A_ev Gme SMovi
Drm †Kv_vq? Aek¨ †h me cÖ‡kœi GKwU gvÎ DËi Av‡Q GiKg cÖkœ bv K‡i, †h cÖ‡kœi
GKvwaK DËi Av‡Q †h me cÖkœ Kiv DwPZ| ‡h me cÖ‡kœi †Kej gvÎ GKwU DËi Av‡Q, †m me
cÖ‡kœi DËi †Kej gvÎ n¨vu ev bv A_ev wbw`ó GKwU DËi w`‡q DËi †`Iqv hvq| †hgb †Zvgvi KZ Rb †Q‡j‡g‡q? A_ev Zzwg wK bvMix‡Z _vK? GB ai‡bi
cÖ‡kœi gvÎ GKwU DËi nq| Aciw`‡K, Zzwg wK †Zvgvi cwievi m¤^‡Ü wKQz ej‡Z cvi? GB
ai‡Yi cÖ‡kœi i‡q‡Q nvRviI EËi| †h me cÖ‡kœi GKwU gvÎ DËi Av‡Q, †m me cÖkœ
K‡_vcK_b‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq †mB w`‡K, hv civgk©`vZv ïb‡Z Pvb| Zviv wKQz wKQy †¶‡Î
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Zywg wK hvwPšÍv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z PvI? GUv bv e‡j, †Zvgv‡K Lye DwØMœ g‡b n‡”Q GB †f‡e
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eY©bvg~jK wee„wZ ev Dw³ A‡bK fvj|
hw` mvnvh¨cÖv_©x G‡jv‡g‡jv fv‡e K_v ej‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges wek`
fv‡e NUbvi eY©bv Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i, GUv me‡P‡q †ewk fvj n‡e, hw` civgk©`vZv Zvi w`‡K
Sz‡K c‡o ev¯Íem¤§Z I mgq Dc‡hvMx DËi †`b| Gme DËi¸‡jv Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Zvi
ev¯ÍeZv I g~j welq¸‡jv cÖKvk Ki‡Z|
mvdj¨gq civg‡k©i g‡a¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q, mvdj¨gq Av‡jvPbv|
mnvbyf~wZ,
AvšÍwiKZv, m¤§vb, ev¯ÍeZv
Avgiv
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Pvi ai‡Yi civgk©`v‡bi †KŠkjmg~n, †h¸‡jv mvnvh¨cÖv_©x‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wb‡R‡K Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z| Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Av‡M Avwg wKQz
kixwiK I e¯‘MZ ev¯—eZv m¤^‡× K‡qKwU w`K
Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB, hv civgk© `v‡bi ‡¶‡Î mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i Avevi ¶wZi KviYI n‡Z
cv‡i, †hgb- mv¶v‡Zi ¯’vb, civgk©`vZvi A½fw½ ev Ae¯’v| ¯’vbwU‡K n‡Z n‡e
Avivg`vqK, wKš‘ RvuKRgKc~Y©, Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³, wekªv‡gi Rb¨ bq| †h me
civgk©`vZvMY †Uwe‡ji wcQ‡b e‡mb Zviv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mvnvh¨cÖv_©xi Kv‡Q ch©vßfv‡e
Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb bv| †Uwe‡ji Ae¯’vb ‡Rvi †`q civgk©‡Ki f~wgKv whwb civgk©`v‡bi †k‡l
¯^vaxb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| wbqg n‡”Q †h, civgk©`v‡bi †k‡l ev¯—eRxe‡b civgk©`vZv
I mvnvh¨cÖv_©x †h Zvi Kv‡Q mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ G‡mwQ‡jb Zvi m‡½ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _vK‡e bv|
cÖ_gZ,
civgk©`vZvi A½fw½ nIqv DwPr m¤ú„³Zvi| GUv e¨w³‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡e Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_
mve©¶wYKfv‡e AvwQ, cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgvi Kv‡Q
Avm‡Z cv‡iv| mgvbfv‡e e¨w³i gy‡LvgywL
nIqv|
wØZxqZ,
K_v ejvi mgq †Pv‡L †PvL ivLv (AvB KbUªv±) w¯’i `„wó QvovB GUv ïi“ Kiv hvq|
Z…ZxqZ,
†Lvjv‡gjvfv‡e A½fw½ e¨envi Kiv| AvovAvwo fv‡e cv, evû, nvZ, BZ¨vw` †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î AvZ¥i¶vg~jK AvPiY/ g‡bvfve cÖKvk K‡i| †Lvjv‡gjv A½fw½ e‡j †`q, Avwg †Zvgvi
mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK© i¶v KiwQ|
msÁv:
myß Ae¯’v myweb¨¯Ífv‡e hv ¶gZvnxbiƒ‡c e¨w³i g‡a¨ wbw®Œqfv‡e _v‡K (canglig)
GKwU gvsm‡ckxi MÖwš’| me‡P‡q †ewk Ae¯’vb K‡i †gi“`ÛZš¿xi evB‡i|
e¨w³i
cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv| GUv cÖKvk K‡i Zywg eZ©gvb, mnRjf¨ Ges wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©
hy³| Rey_ey Ae¯’v Gi wecixZUv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| hLb G me wKQzi Dci mvnvh¨cÖv_©x
wbf©i K‡i, ZLb civgk©`vZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Aviv‡g ev wPšÍvgy³ _v‡K| ‡h welq m¤^‡×
Avwg wKQz ej‡Z hvw”Q Zv n‡”Q wb‡Ri Kjv-†KŠk‡ji mv‡_ A½fw½i mgš^q mvab Kiv| Zzwg g‡b Ki bv †h, memgq Zzwg GKB fv‡e Zv
Ki‡e|
ïaygvÎ
GKUz m‡PZb nIqv wKfv‡e †Zvgvi A½fw½ gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| hLb Zzwg G¸‡jv Abykxjb
Ki‡e ZLb cÖ_‡g GUv †Zvgvi Kv‡Q K…wÎg welq e‡j g‡b n‡e wKš‘ Zzwg hw` G¸‡jv evi
evi Aa¨emv‡qi mv‡_ Pvwj‡q wb‡q hvI Z‡e G¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ges †Zvgvi wb‡Ri
Kjv-‡KŠk‡ji Ask n‡q DV‡e, wVK †mB iKg hLb Zzwg cÖ_g dzUej †Lj‡Z †kL, evBmvB‡Kj
Pvjv‡Z ev bvP‡Z †kL| Avwg Aek¨ Av‡iv wKQz welq D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB, Zv nj-N‡ii wfZi
chv©ß Av‡jv _vKv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wbwðZ Ki †h, Rvbvjv †_‡K Avmv Av‡jv ev
cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jv †hb e¨w³i †PvL bv avuwa‡q †`q|
Gi
2q avc g‡°j‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i ïay wb‡R‡K eySevi
Rb¨ bq eis AvPibMZ cwie©Zb eySvi Rb¨| GB
av‡c Pvi ai‡Yi `¶Zv Av‡Q| cÖ_gUv‡K e‡j AwZwi³ mnvbyf~wZ| GLv‡b Dc‡`óv GK
ai‡Yi Abyf~wZ jvf K‡i eySv‡Z cv‡i †h, †h †Kvbfv‡e G¸‡jv g„Z, †Mvcb Ges g‡°‡ji
eySvi D‡aŸ©| 1g av‡c AbyK¤úv †_‡K Kx cÖKvwkZ nq ;AwZwi³ mnvbyfywZ‡`‡L GUv Kx
ïay Aš—wb©wnZ A_© cªKvk K‡i | g‡°j: Avwg LyeB `y:wLZ †h Avgvi ¯^vgx AvR Avgv‡K
†`L‡Z Av‡mwb | Dc‡`óv: Avwg g‡b Kwi ZzwgI GKUz ivMvwš^Z|Ó g‡°‡ji Dc¯’vcbv †m
g~j welq †ei K‡i ;Zzwg hv wKQy e‡jQ, Zv †_‡K eySv hvq ‡h, Zzwg Lye Kg gvbyl‡K
wek¦vm Ki‡Z cvi |Ó wZwb g‡°‡ji Rb¨ wKQy Ask ev bgybv ivL‡Z cv‡ib A_ev wZwb hv
e‡j‡Qb Zvi msw¶ßKiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib | hv g‡°j‡K eo Qwe ‰Zwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Ges
Zv‡K wewfbœ `„wófw½ w`‡eGes ‡m wewfbœ Avw½‡K mgm¨v‡K †`L‡e |
Zzwg
†`‡LQ †h, 2q avcwU AviI wb‡`wk©Z | hv‡nvK, PviwU `¶Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cvi¯úwiK
gy‡LvgywL Ae¯—v n‡Z Av‡m| GB avcwU iRvi - Gi wk¶vicwiewZ©Z I DbœZ Ae¯’v | 2q
`¶ZvwU n‡”Q ¯^-cÖKvk ev wbR `„wó‡MvPi | GL‡b mvnvh¨Kvix Zvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZv g‡°‡ji
mv‡_ mnfwMZv Ki‡Z B”QyK| cÖK…Z mnfvwMZv g‡°j‡K mwZ¨B wb‡R‡K fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i | hv‡nvK, Avgv‡K msw¶ß n‡Z n‡e bZzev Avwg g‡°j‡K nZvk Ki‡ev, Ggb wK
Avwg Zv‡K fyj c‡_I wb‡q ‡h‡Z cvwi
lv‡Ui
gvSvgvwS, iRvi ÒGKRb †_‡K GKRbÓ Dc‡`k `vb eÜ K‡ib, Ges `jxq mv¶vrKvix `‡ji Rb¨
wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib, hv‡K wU-`j ev cÖwk¶v_x© `j ejv hvq| G‡K Avevi m~¶
Abykxjb, gvbweK m¤¢vebv `j, gvbweK DbœwZ `jI ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB `jxq mv¶vrKv‡i †h
e¨w³ mnfvwMZv K‡i Zvi Dci ¸iZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| GUv‡K Rynvwi ev Rvbvjv c×wZ ejv
nq,hv jydU Ges ‡nwi BbMÖvg m„wó K‡i|
Rvbv
†_‡K AvRvbv
wb‡R‡K
1..wb‡Ri
mg‡Ü Rvwb
|
2..wb‡Ri
Kv‡Q AvRvbv
|
3..wb‡Ri
Kv‡Q A`„k¨bxq Ges A‡b¨Kv‡QA`„k¨bxq
|
4..Ae‡PZb
I A`„k¨bxq
|
1g
Rvbvjv wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i Kv‡Q `„k¨bxq| GUv RbM‡Yi RvqMv| welqe¯Zz mnfvwMZv Ki‡Z Avwg BPQv cÖKvk Kwi|
2q
Rvbvjv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q AvRvbv I A‡b¨i Kv‡Q Rvbv| hLb RbMb Avgv‡`i m¤§yLxb nq, ZLb
Avgiv G mg‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvwi|
3q Rvbvjv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q `„k¨bxq wKš‘ A‡b¨i
Kv‡Q A`„k¨| Avwg Avgvi m¤^‡Ü Rvwb, Ges †Zgvi m¤^‡Ü bvI Rvb‡Z cvwi| GUv e¨w³
wb‡R‡K cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î| Avgvi Abyf~wZ Ges wbR¯^ mZ¨ cÖKvk‡K KLbI KLbI j¶¨ mÜvb
e‡j| Avwg †Zvgv‡K fvjevwm ZLb, hLb Avwg †Zvgv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨ mwZ¨B SuzwK MÖnY
Kwi|
4_©
Rvbvjv Ae‡PZb Ges A`„k¨| AvZ¥cÖKvkGes cvi¯úvwiK m¤§yLxb nIqv Ae‡PZ‡bi Avfvm|
GUv GKwU evowZ cvIbv wKš‘ `jxq †_ivcxi D‡Ïk¨ bq| K‡qKRb g‡bvweÁvbx, cªavbZ I(0)
†nvevU©gyi, wmWbx Gg. RyiviW ¯^-cÖKvk‡K Zv‡`i cÖavb Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡`i Av`‡k©i Rb¨ Dc‡`óv GUv mZ©KZvi mv‡_ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Dc‡`óv
g‡°j‡K ch©š— ¯^-cÖKvk wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| hv‡nvK ¯^-cÖKvk A‡bK mgq Dc‡`kK mnvqK bq|
GUv A‡bK mgq g‡°j‡K fq †`Lvq| ZvB GUv e¨env‡i mZK© n‡Z n‡e |
2q av‡ci Z…Zxq `¶Zv n‡PQ gy‡LvgywL nIqv| GUv mnRfv‡e
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, wKš‘ GUv g‡°j‡K Avµgb ev kvwš—i Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e bv
gy‡LvgywL nIqv n‡PQ †Kvb e¨w³‡K Zvi AvPiY cix¶v Ki‡Z Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv Ges Gi A_©
wK Zv Rvbv‡bv | D`vniY ¯^iƒc- Rvwmš—v, Zzwg wb‡R‡K Rvwni Ki Ges fvj msMVK e¨w³
wn‡m‡e g‡b Ki Ges GUv mZ¨‡h, Gi Rb¨
gvbyl ‡Zvgvi cÖksmv K‡i| wKš‘ A‡bK mgq hLb Zzwg Avgv‡K wKQy Ki‡Z ej, ZLb Avwg
‡`wL †h Zzwg GKwU evwjKvi gZ `vexKi| gy‡LvgywL nIqv, GKRb e¨w³‡K Ae¨en„Z
m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wPb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Rb, Zzwg hLb K_v ej, ZLb †Zvgvi my‡i GK ai‡bi
kΓZvi fve j¶bxq| ZeyI Zzwg Avvgv‡K Ggb GKRb e¨w³ wn‡m‡e †`wL, †h me©`v A‡b¨i
Rb¨ Ges Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z BPQv †cvlY K‡i| n‡Z cv‡i Zzwg KviI mv‡_ †Kvgj I Nwbó
n‡Z fq cvI| GB `¶Zv g‡°j‡K wb‡Ri, A‡b¨i
Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ `„wófw½ DcjwׇZ mnvqZv Ki‡e| c`gh©v`v I wWMÖx A‡c¶v wk¶v A‡bK †ewk ¸i“Z¡cyY© | A_ev e¨_v ev
`y:‡Li PvB‡Z Rxeb‡K A‡bK †ewk SzwKc~Y© g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| A_ev †Zvgv‡K eyw×gv‡bi
PvB‡Z †Xo †ewk iwmK g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| A_ev Zzwg KvR Ki‡Z fq cvI, Ab¨_vq Zzwg Kv‡Ri
A‡hvM¨| gy‡LvgywL nIqv gvbyl‡K wewfbœ wKQy †`L‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡jI, wb‡Ri w`K †`‡Lbv
| hv‡nvK, Zzwg †Zvgvi we‡q m¤ú©‡K Avgv‡K ‡Zgb fvj wKQyB ejwb, hw` ej‡Z, Z‡e n‡Z
cviZ Giƒc welq¸‡jv †Zvgvi we‡q m¤ú©‡K A‡bK BwZevPK w`K †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ KiZ|
GwiK e¨v‡ib Gi
wU. G.c×wZ
GwiK e¨v‡ib Zvui wU.G.
c×wZi ga¨ w`‡q RbMb‡K Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL nIqvi †P‡q eis Rxeb‡K wb‡q †Ljvi NUbv‡KB
cÖvavb¨ w`‡”Qb| cÖ_g ¯—‡i, Dc‡`óv Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek m„w÷ Ki‡e †hLv‡b †Ljv mnR
n‡ebv| D`vnib ¯^iƒc ejv hvq, hw` wZwb Dc‡`k cÖ`vb cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| Dc‡`k cÖ`vb
†Ljv ïi“i GKwU wbwðZ avc| gy‡LvgywL nIqv Dc‡`k `v‡bi †P‡q Avjv`v| Kvib AwZwi³
mnvbyf~wZ e¨w³i Abyf~wZ¸‡jvi Mfxi eySv-cov †_‡K Av‡m Ges e¨w³‡K Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ
K‡i|
mivmwi gy‡LvgywL g‡°‡ji Dci `vwe m„wó K‡i| ZeyI, wPwKrmK
GUv K‡i bv g‡°‡ji `yejZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q wKš‘ Zv K‡i e¨w³i Ae¨ewiZ kw³,
†hvM¨Zvmg~n I Drm¸‡jv †_‡K| Dc‡`óv‡K †Kb SzwK wb‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© †evakw³ _vK‡Z
n‡e, KLb gy‡Lvkcov wVK n‡ebv| K‡qKRb Dc‡`óv g‡°j‡K †bwZevPK DIi w`‡Z wØav‡eva
K‡ib| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i Kvh© ¶gZv webó n‡q hvq| †hgb- A‡bK gvbyl Lvivc msev` w`‡Z
cQ›` K‡i bv| A‡bK mgq GB kw³kvjx cÖwZ‡ivaK g‡°j MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvqbv| ZeyI Dc‡`k`vb
n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv g‡°j‡K wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î gy‡LvgywL n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i hv Kvh©Ki
Rxeb-hvc‡bi Rb¨ `iKvi| g‡°j‡K cÖwZ‡ivaK MÖn‡b eva¨ Kiv‡bv Dc‡`óvi KvR bq, eis
mnvqZv Kiv Zvi KvR|
PZy_© Ges me©‡kl `¶Zv n‡”Q ci¯úi mivmwi K_v ejv, hv‡K ejv
nq Zzwg - Avwg msjvc| mvnvh¨Kvix Ges mvnvh¨ MÖnYKvix Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi eZ©gvb m¤úK©,
wek¦v‡mi Afve, AwZwi³ wbf©iZv, cQ›` ev AcQ›`, AvKl©Y, `yiZ¡ ev NwbôZv, m¤ú‡K©
wewfbœZv cÖf~wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mvaviYZ RbMb wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb AbymÜvb
K‡i- nZvkv, DwØMœZv, wb`ªv”QbœZv, GK‡N‡qwg, kvixwiK †iv‡Mi j¶Y, BZ¨vw`| wKš‘
mgm¨v hv‡nvK, Gme NUbv D™¢e nq e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©i Amyweavi Kvi‡Y| e¨w³MZ m¤úK©
cix¶v K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ †h `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ejv nq Òmivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ev
cÖZ¨¶Ó| GLv‡bB Zv‡K mivmwi Ges †LvjvLywj fv‡e A‡b¨i mv‡_ Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbvi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
fvM¨µ‡g
I jvfRbK ¶gZv-AvKw¯§K wkíKg© Avwe¯‹vi| wPwKrmv we`¨vq kw³ cÖ‡qvM‡K cÖwZ‡iva,
we‡klZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`v_© Avwe¯‹vi‡K cÖwZ‡iva ev mshZ ivLv| n«vm ev Dcmg- †ivMwe`¨vMZ
Ae¯’vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© DbwœZi mgq| Bw›`ªqMZ- †hŠb kw³¸‡jv jvf Kiv| cÖej D‡IRbv- GKwU
j¶Yxq wek„•Lj Ae¯’v eY©bv Kiv nq hv GLbI, D‡IRbv, wew”QbœZv Ges wek„•Ljv,
weåvwš— Ges AjxK wek¦v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q we`¨gvb|
we‡kvab-cybivq
WvKv Ges `y:LRbK Awf½Zv eY©bv Kiv Ges Av‡eM cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv| cÖZ¨¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
n‡”Q g‡°j‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv hv‡Z we‡klZ Dc‡`óvi mv‡_ mv¶v‡Zi mgq †m wK Ki‡Q †m
wb‡R‡K AviI mwVKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Dc‡`óv†K †`‡L g‡°j mivmwi cvi¯úwiK K_v ejvi
cØwZ wkL‡Z cv‡i hv Avgv‡`i aviYvi evB‡i| hv‡nvK, mivmwi, e¨w³MZ, cvi¯úwiK
†hvMv‡hvM hw`I e¨w³MZ e„wׇZ DÏxcbvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, wKš‘ ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Zv †`Lv
hvq bv| Avkv Kwi g‡°j wkL‡e †h, GUv n‡Z cv‡i `yÕiKg µge„w×, h_v- †m wKfv‡e
cvi`wk©Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv Ab¨‡K ej‡Z n‡e wKfv‡e †m cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©
aviYv jvf Ki‡Q| Avevi, †h‡nZz GB cvi¯úvwiKZv ˆ`›`w`b Rxe‡b cÖwZw`b NU‡Qbv, ZvB
g‡°‡ji Kv‡Q GUv bZzb Ges cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡bi `vex`vi | myZivs GUv hZœmnKv‡i Ki‡Z
n‡e, bZyev GUv mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv‡K fq †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY ¯^iƒc- ÒAvwg Abyfe Kwi
†h, GLbI Avgvi mv‡_ K_v ejv KwVb g‡b Ki, †hb me mgq Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ AvwQ|
A_ev, Zzwg †h Avgv‡K wek¦vm Ki bv GUv Avwg Abyfe Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡iwQ| GUv Avgv‡K g‡b
Kwi‡q †`q †h, Avgvi nvZ¸‡jv †hb GLb evauv| Rvwbbv GKRb‡K wek¦vm Kiv †Zvgvi Rb¨
KwVb, bv †Zvgvi mv‡_ Avgvi we‡kl †Kvb mgm¨v Av‡Q|Ó Avwg g‡b Kwi, Zzwg Avgvi
mv‡_ jovB KiQ ev n‡Z cv‡i mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ jovB KiQ| Avgiv GLb Mš—‡ei Kv‡Q hvw”Q ev
Avgv‡`i Pzw³i evB‡i Ab¨ w`b †`L‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ wK n‡”Q Zv wb‡q K_v ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| cÖZ¨¶Y wb‡R wb‡R †kl nq bv| GUv GK mgq n‡Z Ab¨ mgq ch©š— KvR K‡i,
hw` GUvi DcKvix c×wZi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ _v‡K|
GB
g‡W‡ji Z…Zxq avc n‡”Q MVbg~jK AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi KvR| GLv‡b mgm¨v †Pbv nq Ges Zv
we‡klb Kiv nq| hw` A‡bK mgm¨v _v‡K Z‡e Kv‡Ri AMÖvwaKvi cÖwZôv nq| ev¯—e ev
Kvh©Ki KR¸‡jvi Dci D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖnb Kiv nq| Kvh©Kixcš’v MÖnb Kiv nq hvi Dci me‡P‡q
†ekx mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| gvb`Û ev bxwZ cÖwZôv K‡i Gi mdjZv ev e¨_©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| g‡°j‡K cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ GB bxwZ mwVKfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q wKbv Zv P~ovš—fv‡e
wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
Phenomenological (cÖcÂweÁvb)
Approach-Gi wfZ‡i A‡bK ai‡Yi cwiwPZ †_ivwc wPwKrmv i‡q‡Q| †M÷vë Gi ‡_ivwc wd«UR (1893-1970 Lªx:) wcijm
Gi Øviv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| GB †_ivwc‡Z cvi¯úwiK m¤§yLxb nIqvi Dci ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv nq|
GB c×wZ mgmvgwqK A‡bK †_ivwc wPwKrmvi g‡Zv †QvU †QvU `‡j wef³ n‡q Kiv nq| wcijm gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨‡K GKR‡bi mnvqZvq I
wbqš¿Y Øviv wbqwš¿Z nIqvi †P‡q eis ¯^-wbf©i Ges AvZ¥-wbqwš¿Z wnmv‡e msÁvwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| GB mgq †m AskMÖnYKvixi g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ m‡PZbZv DbœwZ K‡ib| Zv‡`i‡K eZ©gv‡b
evm Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡ib, hv‡Z Zviv eZ©gvb AwfÁZvi Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡i| †m
†QvU Mí ev KweZvi mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i I †Póv K‡i, Ges hv Ki‡Q Zv
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z g‡b K‡i| GB †_ivwc wPwKrmv‡K wZwb †M÷v‡ji cÖv_©bv wn‡m‡e
AwfwnZ K‡ib, Zv n‡jv ÒAvwg Avgvi KvR Kwi Ges Zzwg †Zvgvi KvR Ki| c„w_ex‡Z Avwg †Zvgvi
cÖZ¨vkvi Dci Rxeb hvcb Kie bv Ges Zzwg Avgvi cÖZ¨vkvi Dci Zv Ki‡e bv| Zzwg n‡e
Zzwg Ges Avwg ne Avwg Ges hw` fvM¨µ‡g `yÕR‡bi †`Lv nq, Z‡e GUv LyeB my›`i n‡e|
hw` bv nq Z‡e Zv mnvqK n‡e bvÓ|
GB
‡mk‡b wcijm GKRb nZvk e¨w³ wnmv‡e m½wZc~Y©fv‡e Awfbq Ki‡e †h, †m (¯¿x-wj½) wKfv‡e m‡PZbZv, wb‡Ri
f~wgKv, AZx‡Zi Rxeb Ges Ab¨vb¨ wKQy Gwo‡q hv‡”Q| Zvi Abyf~wZi c‡¶ G¸‡jvi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci ¸i“Z¡
Av‡ivc K‡i, wZwb GUv‡K Aeqexi Ávb e‡j‡Qb KviY GUv eyw×i †P‡q eis
Abyf~wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ|
Psychodrama A‡bK mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi †_ivwc‡Z wPwKrmv wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq| hv‡Kve Gj. g‡i‡bv GUv Avwe¯‹vi K‡i‡Qb Ges 1920
Lªxóv‡ã GUv Aw÷ªqvi wf‡qbv‡Z e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| c‡i wZwb Av‡gwiKvq P‡j hvb| Psychodrama
†Z `‡ji m`m¨iv ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ mgm¨v ¸‡jv Ly‡uR †ei
K‡i| GB c×wZ Aby‡gvw`Z Ges AZx‡Zi mgm¨v eZ©gv‡b †`Lv nq| Pschodrama
Gi Kvh©KvwiZv me mgq Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GwióUj we‡kvaK (catharsis)
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb (we‡kvaK, gyw³, cweÎZv) wn‡m‡e, hv RbM‡Yi Dci drama
Gi cÖfve c‡o‡Q| iRvi Ges wcivjm - Gi gZ RbMY wek¦vm
K‡i †h e¨w³, GK †_ivwc †_‡K Ab¨Uv AcÖPwjZ, `yÕB hv Ach©vß Ges AKvh©Ki| `jxq
†_ivwc c„w_ex‡K wbivc` Ae¯’v `vb K‡i hv‡Z RbMY A‡b¨i cÖwZ Zv‡`i g‡bvfve Ges
AvPiY Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| `j †QvU n‡Z n‡e, Ges QqRb m`m¨ _vK‡Z
cvi‡e| m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ †MvcbxqZv, mZ¨Zv, ¯^cÖKvk, GLb Ges eZ©gv‡b evm Kiv Ges
A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K feedback Gi DËi wKfv‡e w`‡Z nq Zv †kLv| cwi‡ek
gv‡b n‡”Q GKR‡bi wbivc` Abyf~wZ mg_©b
Kiv Ges Abyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ mvnm `vb Ges A‡b¨i KvQ n‡Z mg_©b Avkv Kiv|
Aveªvnvg gvm&‡jv
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970Lªx:): Aveªvnvg gvm&‡jv gvbeZvev`x g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKRb whwb AvZ¥-ev¯—eZvqb (cÖK…ZZ¡) g‡bvweÁv‡bi D™¢e
K‡ib| iRv‡ii (Rgers) g‡Zv gvm&‡jvI gvbeZvev`x g‡bvweÁv‡bi GKRb cÖeZ©K| wZwb
†iv‡Mi wPwKrmv wKsev Gi †KŠkjMZ welq wb‡q KvR K‡ibwb; wKš‘ GKRb g‡bvweÁv‡bi
wPš—vwe` wnmv‡e Zvi me‡P‡q †ekx cÖfve wQj| gvbexq m¤¢vebvZ¥K g‡bvweÁv‡bi AMÖ`~Z
Ges †gŠwjK wPš—vwe` wnmv‡e DBwjqvg †Rg‡mi (William James) ci
Zv‡uK Av‡gwiKvi †kªô g‡bvweÁvbx ev g‡bvwe` wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| A‡b‡K Zvui GB
L¨vwZ‡K AwZiwÄZ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ wZwb mKj gvbeZvev`x
g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i Aby‡cÖiYv`vqK wQ‡jb|
AvZ¥ev¯—eZvqb ev AvZ¥-cÖK…ZZ¡
(Self-actualization) ej‡Z eySvq GKR‡bi †gav I m¤¢ve¨ ¶gZv ev ˆewkó¨ hv GL‡bv
weKvk jvf K‡iwb Zvi c~Y© e¨envi I weKvk mvab| gvm&‡jvÕi `yÕRb wk¶K wQ‡jb
hviv e¨w³MZ I †ckvMZ Rxe‡b c~Y©fv‡e ¯^v_©K I m„Rbkxj wQ‡jb| wZwb Zvui GKwU †bvU
eB‡q Zv‡`i AvPiY, g‡bvfve, g~j¨‡eva, †cÖiYv, Av‡eMmg~n, wPš—v, eySvi ¶gZv ev
aviYv Ges Av‡iv A‡bK wel‡q ZvwiLmn wj‡L †i‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h, cyi“l I
gwnjv e¨w³‡Z¡i †¶‡Î hw`I †ek wKQy cv_©K¨ i‡h‡Q, Z_vwc Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK wel‡q wgj
i‡q‡Q| wZwb Av‡iv 16 Rb AvZ¥-ev¯—eev`x (cÖK…ZZ¡) e¨w³‡K Zvui
M‡elYvq AvIZvfy³ K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K †jvK wQ‡jb HwZnvwmK Ges A‡a©K †jvK
wQ‡jb mgKvjxb e¨w³Z¡| G‡`i g‡a¨ Aveªvnvg wjsKb (Abraham Lincoln),
G‡jbi †ivRvë© (Eleanor Rooserlt ) AvjevU© AvBbóvBb (Albert
Einstein) AvjevU© wmDRvi (Albert Schweitzer) Ges G ai‡Yi Av‡iv
A‡b‡K Aš—©fy³ wQ‡jb|
AvZ¥ev¯—eZvev`xi
(cÖK…ZZ¡) 15wU ˆewkó¨ wZwb Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| G¸wji g‡a¨ wKQz nj - 1) wb‡R‡K I
Ab¨‡K MÖnY Kiv, 2) mijZv I
¯^Z:ù‚Z©Zv, 3) AvZ¥-‡Kw›`ªKZvi
(B‡MvwfwËK) †P‡q mgm¨v-†Kw›`ªK, 4) ¯^Zš¿
ev Ab¨ †_‡K Avjv`v (e¨w³MZ ev GKvš—Zv),
5) ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ¯^vaxb (¯^vaxbZv‡PZv gb ev B”Qv), 6) cÖwZwbqZ cÖvYeš—Zv ev cÖksmv (we¯§qKi
Abyf~wZ), 7) wbM~p/AwZ›`ªxq I P~ovš—
AwfÁZv, 8) RvwZ †Mvôx‡`i Rb¨ `i` I
Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ HK¨Zv, 9) Mfxi I Aš—i½
cvi¯úwiK m¤ú©K, 10) j¶¨ I Dcvq fvj I
g‡›`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡i, 11) `vk©wbK
iwmKZv, 12) m„RbkxjZv, 13) †Kvb ms¯‹…wZ MÖn‡Y Abgbxq|
gvm‡j&v wek¦vm K‡ib †h, my¯’ gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ Aek¨B wbw`©ó
wKQy †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i msL¨v g~jZ 5wU: kvixwiK Pvwn`v (¶zav, Nyg
Ges Ab¨vb¨), wbivcËv, (wbqg I w¯’wZkxjZv), fvjevmv I m½Zv (cwievi, eÜzZ¡), kª×v
(AvZ¥m¤§vb, ¯^xK…wZ), AvZ¥ev¯—eZv (cÖK…ZZ¡) (`¶Zvi DbœwZ)| cÖ_‡g Aek¨B cÖv_wgK
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c‡i ¸i“Z¡ Abymv‡i Ab¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e|
Victor Frankl: wf±i d«v¼vj
Zuvi bvrwmev`x wkwe‡ii gg©cxov`vqK gvbwmK AvNv‡Zi AwfÁZv †_‡K Õj‡Mv wPwKrmv c×wZÕ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GLv‡b †ivMx I
wPwKrm‡Ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, cvi¯úwiK MÖnY I wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y© cÖKv‡ki d‡j Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ M‡o I‡V mym¤úK© hv †ivMx‡K Zvi
Rxe‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mwZ¨Kvi A_© Avwe®‹vi
Ki‡Z mg_© K‡i| d«v¼vj Rxe‡bi `ytL-K‡ói hš¿Yv ¯^vfvweK mZ¨ ev ev¯Íe e‡j ¯^xKvi
K‡i e‡jb GB `ytL-Kó Rxe‡bi mwZ¨Kvi A_© I mwVK D‡Ïk¨ eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wZwb wkÿv
†`b †h, gvby‡li me‡P‡q ‡ekx cª‡qvRb hv Zv n‡”Q Zvi Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ w¯’i Kiv| Rxe‡bi
R¡vjv-hš¿Yv ‡_‡K gyw³ Kvgbv bq eis GB R¡vjv-hš¿Yv I Kó Kx Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ n‡”Q, hv
Avgv‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Q Zv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡hvR‡b `iKvi n‡j Gi Rb¨ KóI ¯^xKviI Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Gi Rb¨ †Kvb
c_‡K Avwg MÖnY Ki‡ev Zv e¨w³i Dci wbf©i K‡i, Avm‡j †Kvb kZ© Qvov eis mwVK
wm×všÍB e¨w³i Rxeb Avjv`v K‡i †Zv‡j| gvbyl n‡jv `„p AvZ¥-cÖZ¨qx e¨w³, wb‡R hv
ev †h iKg ‡mfv‡e †m wb‡R‡K ˆZix K‡i ‡bq| GiKg wPwKrmv‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x wPwKrmv e‡j|
†ivj †g G ai‡Yi `„wó-fw½i GKRb cwiwPZ I cÖfvevwš^Z e¨w³, hw`I Zvi kãMZ w`K I
`vk©wbK wPšÍv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ d«v¼vj †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i|
Av‡iK cÖKvi wPwKrmv n‡jv
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ wPwKrmv cÖc welq (hv c Bw›`ª‡qi MÖvn¨), hv †ivMx‡K Zvi mgm¨vi
mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL Ae¯’vb K‡i| hvB †nvK, Gi AšÍwb©wnZ g~j `k©b iRvi d«v¼vj I
gvm‡jvi `k©b †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †h mg¯Í †ivMxiv Zv‡`i mgm¨v eyS‡Z Aÿg,
`vwqZ¡nxb ev Amy¯’, Zviv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fv‡jvi Rb¨ ‡Kb welq evQvB Ki‡Z Aÿg A_ev
‡Kb Zvi Awbnvfve †`Lv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wPwKrmK ïaygvÎ wPwKrmvi j‡ÿ¨ wm×v‡šÍi †ÿ‡ÎB
c~Y© KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡i bv eis †ivMx‡K Zvi hyw³nxb wPšÍvi gy‡LvgywL `uvo Kiv‡bv|
ZvQvov †m Av‡`kg~jK †KŠkj cª‡qvM K‡ib hv cÖ‡qvM K‡i †ivMx‡K g~j¨‡evamn †Kvb
gZev` wkwL‡q †`b hv Zvi Rb¨ LyeB DcKvix| wPwKrmK Zvi g‡a¨ BwZevPK wPšÍv-fvebv I
¯^v_©nxb civ_©ev` wPšÍv cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ‡`evi ‡Póv K‡ib| ev¯Í‡e DBwjqvg Mø¨vmvi Ges
I GBP nvIqvivi Gi mgwš^Z wPwKrmv c×wZ Bnv ‡_‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†ivMxiv `vwqZ¡nxbZvi Kvi‡Y
Zviv Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| Zviv mvgvwRKZvi wbgœZi wbq‡gi Kvi‡Y Zviv mvgvwRK ‰bwZK
gvcKvwV Abyhvqx AvPiY ev Rxeb mvRv‡Z e¨_© n‡q c‡o| Zv‡`i ˆ`wnK hš¿Yv AwZwi³
†`v‡li ev wnbgb¨Zvi Kvi‡Y bq eis Zv‡`i †`vl cvc¯^xKv‡i I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Awbnv
cÖKv‡ki Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K| GB †_ivwci (†iv‡Mi wPwKrmv) KvR n‡”Q †ivMx‡K Zvi AZx‡Zi
GB AbywPZ e¨envi I `vwqZ¡nxbZvi cÖwZ m¤§yLxb Kiv‡bv Ges ÎæwUc~Y© KvR ¯^xKvi
Kiv‡bv| Gi d‡j †m AZx‡Zi fzj myaiv‡bvi my‡hvM †c‡Z cv‡i Ges bxwZevb I Rxe‡bi
cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| ev¯ÍeZv ‡gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ cybtivq Rxe‡bi ev
e¨w³i mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avi GKwU mycwiwPZ
P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§ywLbKiY †_ivwc hv Gi `„wófw½ †_‡K wfbœ; Avi Zv n‡jv hyw³msMZ Av‡ewMK
†_ivwc hvi D™¢veK n‡jb AvjevU© Gwjm| wZwb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, gvbyl wb‡R‡`i cÖwZ
AwZwi³ KK©k Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡R‡K AwZwi³ †`vlv‡ivc I wePvi K‡i _v‡K| Gwjm GUv‡K
g~j¨vqb K‡i †`‡Lb †h, Gi g~j KviY n‡jv A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv Aev¯Íe I A‡hŠw³K
wPšÍv K‡i Ges civwRZ AvZ¥vq Zviv wek¦vm K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GB ai‡Yi e¨w³ AweiZ
wb‡R‡K e‡j ÒAvgv‡K fvjevmv I cªksmvi †hvM¨ nIqv cÖ‡qvRbÓ, A_ev ÒAvgv‡K fvj,
Dchy³ I †hvM¨ e¨w³ n‡Z n‡eÓ, A_ev ÒAvwg fvj bv, ZvB Avgv‡K Dchy³ e¨w³ nIqvi Rb¨
Kó Ki‡Z n‡eÓ| G †_ivwci cÖ_g jÿ¨ n‡”Q GB ai‡Yi wek¦vm I †bwZevPK wPšÍv‡K e¨w³
†_‡K wbg©~j Kiv Ges Zv‡K Zvi A‡hŠw³K j¾v I ‡`vl †_‡K gy³ ev ¯^vaxb Kiv †hb †mB
e¨w³ cÖwZK~j mvgvwRK cwi‡ek _vKv m‡Ë¡I ev
A‡b¨iv fzj cÖgvY Ki‡jI †m †hb my›`ifv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z wkÿ‡Z cv‡i| †m
†hb wkÿ‡Z cv‡i †h, cª‡Z¨‡KB Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv bq; ev me wKQz‡ZB m¤ú~Y© †kªôZ¡ AR©b
Kiv mevi m¤¢e bq|
cvwievwiK †_ivwct GKwU cwiev‡ii
g‡a¨ wbwnZ g‡bvfve I AvPiY fvj bv g›` DfqB n‡Z cv‡i GKwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbv e„w×
jv‡fi Kvi‡Y cvwievwiK †_ivwc RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| wPwKrmKMY GKwU cwiev‡ii mKj
m`m¨‡`i GKwÎZ K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ؇›Øi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv AbymÜvb K‡i †ei K‡ib Ges
Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi aŸsmvZ¥K AvPiY¸‡jv hv Zv‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv‡KB wPi¯’vqx K‡i, Zv Zv‡`i
mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i cÖwZeÜKZv mg~n ms‡kvab K‡ib| GB †_ivwci
D™¢veK n‡jb fvwR©wbqv m¨vUvi (Virginia Satir)| Zvi GB ‡_ivwci Øviv A‡bK
cwievi‡K myôz Ges bZzb I c~Y© g‡bvfve wb‡q ¯^vgx-¯¿x, wcZvgvZv, mš—vb Ges
cwiev‡ii mKjm`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ AvPiYMZfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
`¤úwZ‡`i m‡¤§jb ev g¨v‡iR GKvD›Uvit `¤úwZ‡`i m‡¤§jb ev g¨v‡iR GKvD›Uvi nj
GK ai‡Yi cvwievwiK †_ivwc hv Kv_wjK `¤úwZ‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl fv‡e mgv`„Z| GUv g~jZ
¯^vgx I ¯¿xi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K †hb Zviv Zv‡`i `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K©i Av‡iv DbœwZ
mvab I Av‡iv Mfxi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zviv †QvU †QvU `‡j wef³ n‡q wbqwgZfv‡e GKwÎZ nq
Ges Zv‡`i ‰eevwnK Rxeb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges G‡K A‡b¨i mgm¨vq mnvbyf~wZ †`Lvq|
gv‡S gv‡S GKRb hvRK Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ _v‡Kb|
AvPiYMZ j¶Yt G‡K wk¶Y c×wZI e‡j| GB ‡_ivwc c×wZwU
Avevi ÔAvPi‡Yi cwieZ©bÕ bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
mvwe©K g‡bvfve cwieZ©b bv K‡i ev †ivMxi
e¨w³‡Z¡i cybtms¯‹vi bv K‡i AvPibev`x g‡bvwe`MY wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ KvR K‡ib| Zviv gvbe hš¿‡K cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v Øviv wbqwš¿Z GKwU Ave× ev‡·i gZ
†`L‡Z †Póv K‡ib| †mRb¨ Mfx‡i `„wó wb‡¶c Kiv ev KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b Avbv Ges wfwË
mg~n‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv wm®cÖ‡qvRb, †hgbwU Avwa‡ew`K ( ‡fŠwZK ev AwZcÖvK…Z)
†jv‡Kiv g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb| Zviv Abyf~wZ, Ae‡PZb I †h †Kvb ai‡Yi g‡bvMZ (AvZ¥wbô
/Subjective) welq Awek¦vm K‡i| Zviv g‡b K‡ib †h cybwbg©vY †_‡K †givgZ KivB
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges DËg| †m Kvi‡Y AvPiYB †Kej cv‡V¨i wePvh© welq| kixi me©¯^ †jv‡Ki
g‡Zv Zviv e¯‘wbô, cwigvbMZ cÖgvY ¯^”QZv (Clarity) ev ev¯—eZvi Dci †Rvo †`q| G‡Z
mË¡v e‡j wKQz †bB|
msÁv
kvixwiK ¯—it gvbwmK
Kg©Kv‡Ûi kvixwiK KviY¸‡jv mg‡Ü DcvË ( M„wnZ ZË¡) Ges aviYv|
Avš—tgb ¯—it †KŠwkK
(cÖwµqv) mg‡Ü DcvË Ges aviYv, hv m‡PZbZvi MfxiZe ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i|
Kíbv cÖm~Z ¯—it Ae‡jvKb‡hvM¨ cÖwZ‡Ëvi Ges †ivMxi Kvh©Kvjv
mg‡Ü DcvË Ges aviYv|
kvixwiK wPwKrmvt Jlax, ˆe`y¨wZK Ges A‡¯¿vcvPvi
wPwKrmv c×wZ¸‡jv AvPiY, Av‡eM Ges
wPš—vi evwn¨K (ˆ`wnK) KviY¸‡jv cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM
Kiv nq|
Avš—tgvbwmK †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv (Intrapsychic theraphy)t GB wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z †ivMxi Ae‡PZb Ask I
Ø›Ø mg‡Ü m‡PZb K‡i I cwieZ©b K‡i hv‡Z
e¨w³ Zvi e¨w³Z¡‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
KíbvcÖmyZ wPwKrmvt GB †_ivwc c×wZ hv e¨w³i Rxeb mg‡Ü AvZ¥civRq g‡bvfv‡ei cybweb¨vm (†gvo Nywi‡q w`‡Z) Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
GB †_ivwc c×wZ wk¶Y c×wZi Dci wbf©ikxj, Bnv e¨w³MZ
Abyf~wZ ev Kg©Kv‡Ûi cwieZ©‡bi †P‡q AvPiYMZ cwieZ©‡bi ‡ekx e¨envi Kiv nq| Ans
Qvov e¨w³Z¡ nqbv| Gi j¶Y n‡jv AvPi‡Yi c~‡e© ms‡KZ †`Iqv I Zv wbqš¿Y Kiv| cªvYx
msµvš— wel‡qi gZB AvPiYev`xMYI HwZn¨MZfv‡e M‡elbvMv‡i/ j¨ve‡iUix‡Z KvR K‡ib|
WviDBb Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q Zviv aviYv K‡i †h, gvbyl Acwinvh©fv‡e Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †_‡K
wfbœ bq| we. Gd.w¯‹bvi whwb 1904 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib, wZwb Av‡gwiKvi me©
cÖfvekvjx g‡bvwe` e‡j cwiwPZ| wZwb Bu`yi, K‡cvZ Ges KzKz‡ii Dci cix¶v K‡i wbwðZ
nb †h, cÖvYxi AvPiY m¤úY©~iƒ‡c c~e© †_‡K Rvbv m¤¢e Ges Zv wbqš¿Y KivI m¤¢e|
w¯‹bv‡ii wek¦vm, GKgvÎ gvbylB RwUjZg cÖvYx| †m Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i GKwU Av`k©
mgvR Mov †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvi g‡Z ¯^vaxb B”Qv, ¯^vaxbZv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv, gh©v`v nj g‡bi
KwíZ welq| me wKQz evwn¨K NUbvi Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e, hv cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K wbqš¿Y
Ki‡e| wZwb D‡jL K‡ib †h, †hLv‡b ¯^vaxb B”Qv i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b c~e© aviYv wbqš¿Y
Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q ci‡e|
w¯‹bv‡ii c~e© ch©š— AvPiYev`x g‡bvwe`¨v AwaKvsk †¶‡Î gnvb
evwkqvb g‡bvwe` Bfvb cvfjf Gi Dci Ki‡Zv| KzKz‡ii Dci cix¶v K‡i wZwb Af¨vmMZfv‡e
†kLv Ges Af¨vmMZfv‡e DwÏcK wbwðZ cÖgvY K‡ib| GUv‡K Af¨vmMZ mvov`vb e‡j| †h KvR
†Zvgiv ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e Ki, wPš—v bv K‡iB †h me welq wkLQ, Zvi meB Af¨vmMZ
cÖwZwe¤^| cv‡q nvUv _vgv‡bv, evB‡i hvIqvi mgq `iRv AvUKv‡bv, ev‡¯‹Uej aiv, UvBc
Kiv, PvgP ev nvZ w`‡q LvIqv cÖf„wZ mKjB
mvnvh¨Kvix Af¨vm| ¯‹xbv‡ii cix¶v I †jLbxi Kvi‡Y D‡b¥v³ cix¶Y (operant)
GiB Dci AwaK †Rvo †`Iqv nq| G‡¶‡Î AvPi‡Yi ci m‡PZbZvi (D‡ËRbv) BwZevPK ev
†bwZevPK cÖfve c‡i| Avwg hw` GKRb `wi`ª †jvK‡K 100 UvKv w`B, G‡¶‡Î `we`ª ‡jv‡Ki
Rb¨ Zv n‡e UvKvUv †diZ †`Iqvi BwZevPK cÖfve| hw` GKRb QvÎ KzB‡R 20 b¤^i cvq,
Z‡e Zv n‡e QvÎiwUi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ cÖwZ mܨvq AvÇv †`Iqvi †bwZevRK cÖfve|
AKv‡gi DBwjqvg, PZz`k© kZvãxi `vk©wbK GB wk¶v ‡`b †h,
ev¯—eZv‡K cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ eûgvZ„K nIqv DwPZ bq| Ab¨ K_vq mvgvb¨Zg mgvavbB g~jZ
cÖK…Z mgvavb| GB A‡_© AvPiYev`xMY KvjRqx n‡q‡Qb| KwZcq aviYv h_v, cÖwZDËi k‡Z©,
cix¶Y k‡Z© Ges cÖfve we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g Zviv g‡bvwe`¨vi mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| Zviv Aek¨ gvbe cÖK…wZi RwUjZv I wewPÎZv‡K AwZ mvgvb¨ Ki‡bi `v‡q Awfhy³
n‡q‡Qb| w¯‹bv‡ii gZ me KviY LyeB Kvh©Ki Ges mKj g‡bvwe` wKQzUv †ekx cwigv‡Y
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb I c×wZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| g~jZ: GB c×wZ¸‡jv AwfeveKMY Zv‡`i
mš—vb‡`i Movi ‡¶‡Î e¨envi K‡ib, †hgb wk¶v`vbKvixMY Zv‡`i we`¨vjq I †kªYxK¶
cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
w¯‹bvi wek¦vm K‡ib, A_ev wZwb wbwðZ cÖgvY K‡ib †h, cyi®‹vi
wk¶v‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i Ges AvPiY‡K j‡¶¨i w`‡K avweZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K kvw¯— e¨w³‡K Zvi
wK Kiv DwPZ Zvi †P‡q †ewk e‡j †`q Zvi wK Kiv DwPZ bq| GKB mv‡_ kvw¯— AvPi‡Yi
mv‡_ †kl n‡q hvq bv, GUv †Kej gvÎ AvPiY‡K QÙ †ek `vb K‡i| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB kvw¯—
djcÖmy wk¶vi eo euvav ¯^i“c| G Kvi‡Y KvivMvi, K‡q`x‡`i cwieZ©b K‡i bv| AvPiY
wPwKrmvq c~e©-j¶YB †ivM| we‡kl †Kvb kvixwiK KviY Av‡ewMK, gvbwmK, A_ev A‡PZb
KviY AbymÜvb Kiv hvq bv| a~gcvb, WªvM †meb, †bkv, AvZ¼, mvgvwRK ¶Z, ïwK‡q hvIqv
†ivM we‡kl cÖf„wZi †¶‡Î AvPiYB KvR K‡i, kvixwiK ev gvbwmK KviY G †¶‡Î ¸i“Ë¡c~Y©
bq| nqZ Lvc †L‡Z A¶g AvPiY ¸‡jv mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e, bqZ Kvw•LZ AvPiY¸‡jv‡K MwVZ
Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev DfqB Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aek¨ KiYxq c×wZwU fq I AvZ¼ n‡Z gy³ Kivi Rb¨ Dbœqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| e¨w³‡K hLb Zvi kix‡ii gvsm †ckx ¸‡jv wkw_j Kivi †KŠkj †`Iqv nq, ZLb Zv‡K
Ggb wRwbm ev Ae¯’vi K_v Kíbv Ki‡Z ejv nq, hv fq D‡`ªK K‡i| ZLb wkiv D‡ËwRZ n‡j
Zv wkw_j Kiv nq| †h‡nZy fq I wkw_jZv wei“× Pwi‡Îi, ZvB fq cÖwZwµqv P‡j hvq|
w¯‹bv‡ii gZ
LuvwU AvPiYv`xMY, Av‡eM I gvbwmK c×wZ MÖnY K‡ib bv| Ò‡m ivMvwš^ZÓ bv e‡j Zviv
ej‡e Ò‡m wPrKvi Kij Ges Zvi gywô w`‡q †jvKwU‡K AvNvZ Kij| Ò‡m eyw×gvbÓ bv e‡j
Zviv ej‡e Ò‡m iex›`ªbv_ gyL¯’ ej‡Q|Ó ev
‡m KwVb MvwbwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Q|Ó Zviv g~j¨‡eva¸wj‡K AvPi‡Yi Øviv
e¨vL¨v K‡i| A‡b‡K eB cov‡K covi cÖwZ Avgiv g~j¨‡eva e‡j e¨vL¨v Kie| b¨vh¨ gRywi
cÖ`vb Ges mwgwZ cÖwZôv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡e G‡K A‡b¨i b¨vh¨Zvi g~j †eva wn‡m‡e|
cÖwZw`b cÖv_©bv Kivi A_©B nj cÖv_©bvi cÖwZ GKR‡bi g~j¨‡eva|
msÁv: kZ©v‡ivc KiY-GKwU c×wZ ev wk¶v hv m‡PZbZvi
(D‡ËRbvi) gva¨‡g cªwZwµqv cÖKvk Kiv nq| hv g~jZ H cÖwZwµqv †ei K‡i bv|
µwgK bs
|
Rxeb ¯—i
|
KvR
|
m¼UKvj
|
1
|
wkï(Rb¥-2)
|
mvgvwRK eÜb
|
wek¦vm/Awek¦vm
|
2
|
GK cv, `y-cv
Uj‡Z Uj‡Z/†U‡b nuvUv, (2-4) AwZ ˆkke|
|
MwZ kw³, K_v,
AvZ¥mvshg|
|
¯^qswµq/j¾v ev m‡›`n (m¶gZv ev A¶gZv)|
|
3
|
we`¨vj‡qi cÖv_wgK eqm (5-7) ga¨g ˆkke|
|
MwZkw³i `¶Zv,
wj½ mbv³ KiY (GKRb evjK evwjKv n‡Z †Kgb jv‡M)|
|
c`‡¶c †bqv/ wØavMÖ¯’Zv (AvZ¥-m¤§vb ev wb‡Ri B”Qv mg‡Ü
wØavMÖ¯’|
|
4
|
we`¨vj‡qi gva¨wgK mgq (8-12) ˆkk‡ei †kl ch©vq|
|
`jxq †Ljv-a~jv, ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ cÖ_g eÜzZ¡| (gvQ aiv,
d©vgKiv, ivbœv Kiv, †jLv‡jwL Kiv|
|
cwikªgx/ nxbgb¨Zv (Kv‡Ri cÖwZ g‡bvfve) AR©‡bi Rb¨
†cÖiYv ev †Póv Kiv|
|
5
|
cÖv_wgK e‡qvtmwÜ (13-17)|
|
Kgeqmx‡`i `‡ji m`m¨, kvixwiK cwic°Zv (†hŠb m‡PZbZv)|
|
`jxq cwiPq, GKvKxZ¡ (Kv‡iv nIqvi Abyf~wZ A_ev wfbœ
_vKvi Abyf~wZ| mgvR wew”QbœZv|
|
6
|
e‡qvtmwÜ †kl ch©vq (18-22)|
|
AwffveK n‡Z gy³/¯^vaxb nIqv, cÖwZôv jv‡fi cQ›`, ˆbwZKZv
AvZœ¯’ KiY, A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv|
|
e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK cwiwPwZ/ e¨w³Z¡ cÖKv‡k wØav (KwgDwbwU ev
`‡j wb‡Ri ¯’vb I `vwqZ¡) wØav-؇›Øi Abyf~wZ|
|
7
|
be‡hŠe‡bi e‡qvtmwÜ Kvj/cwic°Zvi cÖv_wgK ch©vq (23-30)|
|
weevn, mš—vb Rb¥`vb, KvR (Kg© Rxe‡bi Dbœqb),
Rxeb-avi‡bi aib, mvgvwRK emevm|
|
Aš—i½Zv/GKvKxZ¡ (MÖnYxq ev GKvKxZ¡ †eva, hy³ ev wehy³)
cQ‡›`i wel‡q m‡›`n|
|
8
|
cÖvK& ga¨ eqm, weeZ©b (30-35)|
|
cybtg~j¨vqb, cybtwb‡ew`Z nIqv, cybcÖwZÁve× nIqv| (`xN©
c‡_ AMÖmi) GKR‡bi cÖwZôv jvf Kiv Ges Ab¨‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZÁv Kviv|
|
bevqb/ cwiZ¨vM Kiv| bZzb Rxe‡bi Abyf~wZ A_ev GK †N‡qgx
Ges wbw®K…wZ cvIqvi B”Qv|
|
9
|
cÖvK& ga¨ eqm(36-50)|
|
ga¨ eq‡mi g~j¨vq, mš—vb evox Z¨vM K‡i (k~Y¨ cvwLi
evmv), e‡qvwbe„wË| m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b, cwiev‡ii evB‡iI mshy³ nIqv|
|
mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi AR©b I A_©/A¶gZv I A_©nxb Abyf~wZ/kw³ I
D‡Ïk¨ A_ev mœvqyi ¶wZ A_ev wb‡`©kbv|
|
10
|
ga¨ eqm, ga¨g cwic°Zv (51-65)|
|
e¨w³MZ, ˆbwZKZv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L gvbe cwiev‡ii †mev Kiv,
Kv‡ivi cÖwZôv jv‡f euvav bv †`Iqv, ؛ظ‡jv cybtmgvavb Kiv, Áv‡bi Dci Av¯’v
mnKv‡i wbf©i Kiv| fwel¨Z eskai‡`i Rxebve¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Rxebve¯’vq kvixwiK
`¶Zv †_‡K AwfÁZv Áv‡bi Dci wbf©i Kiv|
|
m„RbkxjZv/wbi“ÏgZv, Ab¨‡`i gva¨‡g AskMÖn‡bi gva¨‡g
¯’vqx cÖwZkÖ“wZ/AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK, wbðj| (mvgvwRK †mev, wk¶v, Dc‡`k, Ask MÖnY, mKj
gvbyl‡K fvB-‡evb wn‡m‡e AwfÁZv Kiv/ AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv|
|
11
|
ciewZ© cwic°Zv (65-g„Zz¨)|
|
ciwbf©ikxjZv e„w×, GKR‡bi Rxeb g~j¨vqb, Ab¨‡`i g„Zz¨i
mv‡_ wbR g„Zz¨i K_v wPš—v Kiv/GKvZ¥Zv ¯^xKvi Kiv, e„× nIqv, Ges Amy¯’Zvi
Kvi‡Y wb‡Ri g„Zz¨i K_v fvev, Ab¨‡`i we`vq Rvbv‡bvi ¶gZv Ges GKR‡bi kw³i
cybtwb‡`©k|
|
b¨vq civqYZv/ nZvkvi Abyf~wZ †h, Rxe‡bi A_© I g~j¨ Av‡Q
A_ev nZvkv, Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Drmvn a‡i ivLv, A_ev wbi“rmvwnZ I wZ³Zv| AvZ¥-b¨vq
civqYZv Zzjbvq Ki“bvi Abyf~wZ, e¨_©Zv I wbivkv, m‡Z¡ I Rxeb A_©en|
|
1| Rxeb avc-mZš¿ Kvj ev eqm Rxeb P‡µ we¯—vi jvf K‡i,
mvaviYZt eskMZ cixw¶Z wKš‘ KL‡bv wm×v‡š— Av‡m kvixwiK ¯’vqx Ae¯’v †_‡K|
2| cwiPq m‡PZbZv- ZrciZv e¨vL¨v Av‡m cÖ‡Z¨K e„wׇZ mgm¨vi
djvd‡ji cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z|
3| gvbwmK fvev‡ek- gvbe mvwe©K K‡g©i cÖavb welq|
c„w_evx‡Z GKRb nŸvi Rb¨ g~jc`cv`¨|
4| mZš¿ ¸bvejx gvbexq kw³ hv ˆ`wnK AvZ¥vi †PZbv I
cÖvYeš—Zv|
5| ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i cwiwa e¨w³ hviv cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i
cÖavb j¶¨ MVb K‡i|
6| cvigvbweK e„wׇZ mgm¨v Rxeb mg‡Ü avibvi mwVK avc A_ev
mZš¿ avc ev cÖ`Ë Rxeb av‡ci e„w× NUvq| GKwU cÖ‡qvR‡bi †gvo †`q hLb Dbœqb Aek¨B
`iKvi| my¯’ e„w×i Rb¨ GKwU M„nbxq AbycvZ cÖ‡qvRb|
Avgv‡`i Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxeb wbw`©ó Dbœq‡bi avcmg~‡n cwiPvwjZ nq| mK‡ji mv‡e©v”P
av‡c †cŠQvu‡Z cv‡i bv; hZ¶b bv Lªx‡ói wk¶v‡K cwic~Y© AvZ¥¯’ K‡i, hv‡K mvaŸx
†Z‡iRv mßg AÆvwjKv ev P~ov e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib, †hLv‡b AvZ¥vi we‡kl ai‡Yi Ávb †Kvb
e¯—y‡K mnR mij I ¯úó fv‡e ‡`‡L Ges Zvi mwVK
A_© Abyaveb K‡i| wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq eû eq¯‹ e¨w³ hviv Av‡iv cwic° fv‡e
Rxeb hvc‡b m¶g I Z…ß Zviv Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxe‡b Dbœq‡bi Acwic° avc i“‡c Av‡aq e¯‘
†i‡L †`q|
avc¸‡jv‡K GZ mnR fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| cÖwZwU Abya¨vbB nj KZ¸‡jv avibvi,
g‡bvfv‡ei Ges wm×v‡š—i mgwó h Ava¨vwZ¥K Dbœq‡bi wekvj eY©vjx g‡a¨ GKwU `j ev
mgwó wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
ag©‡K evn¨KiY: †Kvb e¨w³i Kvh©µg ‡cÖlYv/mÂvjb evB‡ii w`‡K AbyavweZ|
aviv 1- †cÖlYv/mÂvjb nj †Kvb e¨w³ ev †Kvb e¯—y n‡Z cvIqv Avb›`
ev Kó|
avc 1: gvbyl kvw¯—i f‡q KvR K‡i|
avc 2: gvbyl KvR K‡i KviY Zviv
cyi¯‹vi I Avb›` †Luv‡R|
aviv 2: †cÖlYv/mÂvjb nj `„pZv,
myk„sLwjZ A_ev cÖPwjZ ixwZbxwZ|
avc 3: gvbyl KvR K‡i KviY Zviv
A‡b¨i g½j wPš—v K‡i, Zv‡`i MÖnY K‡i|
avc 4: gvbyl KvR K‡i wbq‡gi/AvB‡bi
Kvi‡Y| Zviv wbqg AbymiY K‡i, gvb¨ K‡i wKš‘ Gi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
ag©‡K Aš—KiY: e¨w³i Kvh©µ‡gi
‡cÖlYv/mÂvjb hv Av‡m Aš—i †_‡K|
aviv 3: ‡cÖlYv/mÂvjb GKcÖKvi
Aš—ibxwZ hv Øviv Avgiv Avgv‡`i KvRmg~n wePvi we‡ePbv K‡i _vwK|
avc 5: gvbyl wb‡Ri Rb¨ wm×vš— wb‡Z
Pvq| Zviv wb‡Riv `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Îes wb‡RB cÖwZÁve× nq| GUvB Pzw³mZ¡v avc, hvi
g‡a¨ gvbyl wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ GUv memgq mywbwðZ bq| Zviv wek¦vm
K‡i GUv †h‡Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cwieZ©bkxj Ges Zv‡`i AvPiY Pzw³ ×viv cwiPvwjZ hv Zviv
A‡b¨i mv‡_ K‡iwQj|
avc 6: gvbyl Zv‡`i bxwZ‡Z Rxeb hvcb
K‡i| Lªxóvb‡`i g~j bxwZ ev g~j¨‡eva nj-
Avqyn«vm I g„Zzi c~‡e© wek¦vm I Avb›` ebvg K…cYZv
|
AvZ¥m¤§vb ebvg AvZ¥-AeÁv
|
Db¥y³Zv ebvg AZx‡Zi cÖwZ `„p AvbyMZ¨Zv
|
eyw×`xß cÖKvk ebvg AvZ¥‡MvcbxqZv
|
cÖK…Z g~j¨ ebvg `¶Zv Ges g~j¨ nviv‡bv
|
cvi¯cwiK mg_©b ebvg ¯^v_©ci Pvwn`v
|
mvnm Ges cÖZ¨q ebvg Rxe‡b c~Y© AeÁZv
|
Ang mgbœq ebvg
nZvkv
|
||||||
kvš— Ae¯’v ebvg cÖwZi¶v g‡bvfve
|
AvZ¥`„pZv ebvg SuywKi fq
|
m„RbkxjZv ebvg cybive„wË
|
Aa¨vemvqx ebvg Abyrmvnx
|
g~j¨‡eva ebvg Av‡eMx †`vjvqgvb
|
mnfvwMZv ebvg
e¨envi Kiv
|
cÖRbb ebvg wbðjZv
|
m¤ú~Y© bxieZvq a¨vbgq AvwZ_¨Zv
|
||||||
cÖZ¨vk ebvg Zx³Zv
|
Pzw³e×Zv ebvg
BZ:¯—Zv
|
AvZ¥cÖKvk ebvg
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
|
mgwóMZ K‡Vvi
†Póv ebvg `¶Zv
|
wmך— ebvg GKvKxZ¡
|
mym¯úwK©Z cÖvY, Rxeb `vbKvix weKvk
|
||||||||
‡KŠZznj evbg Af¨¯’Zv
|
¯^vaxbZv ebvg AaxbZv
|
we‡ùvwiZ ebvg AvZ¥i¶v
|
AvZ¥Dbœqb ebvg AvZ¥g~j¨vqb
|
cwiPq ebvg KiYxq wel‡q m‡›`n
|
e¨w³MZ KvVv‡gv MÖnY‡hvM¨ †g‡b †bqv
|
||||||||
AwfÁZvi Kv‡Q Db¥y³ ebvg RbZvi fx‡oi g‡a¨ mvd‡j¨i
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
|
GKvMÖ †Póv ebvg ¸Uv‡bv ev Aš—fy©w³ bv Kiv
|
‡bZ…Z¡ ebvg AbymiY
|
kªgkxj ebvg nxbZv
|
`‡ji mv‡_ GKB my‡i myi wgjv‡Z cv‡i
|
|||||||||
D‡ËRbv ebvg fq
|
AK…ZKvh©Zv †g‡b †bIqv ebvg MÖnYxqZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
|
D‡`¨vMx ebvg
Aciva cÖeYZv
|
|||||||||||
MÖnYxq ebvg AMÖnYxq
|
mqswµq ebvg j¾¡v
I m‡›`n
|
mvaviY KvVv‡gvMZ ¯’vqx a¨vbgq Ae¯’v
|
|||||||||||
g~jwek¦vm ebvg
fyjwek¦vm
|
|||||||||||||
PSYCHOLOGY
g‡bvwe`¨v
Kv‡K e‡j?
g‡bvwe`¨vi ¯^iƒc wK? A_ev g‡bvwe`¨v
Kv‡K e‡j? mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq †h g‡bvwe`¨v Ôg‡bi we`¨vÕ| wKš‘ G‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v wK Zv eySv †Mj bv, ïay
g‡bvwe`¨v K_vwU ‡f‡½ ejv nj gvÎ| ÔgbÕ
ej‡Z wK eySvq Ges Ôwe`¨vÕ ej‡Z wK eySvq, Zv ejv nj bv| GB `yÕwU K_vi A_© eySv `iKvi|
ÔgbÕ ej‡Z eySvq, cÖ_gZt KZ¸wj e„wË ev
wµqv, †hgb †`Lv, †kvbv, ¯úk© Kiv, Av¯^v`b Kiv, MÜ †bIqv, myL, `ytL, fvjevmv,
N„Yv, j¾v, fq, †µva, B”Qv, AvKv•¶v, msKí, ¯§„wZ, Kíbv, wPš—v Kiv cÖf„wZ| wKš‘ Giv †h g‡bi e„wË, †m gb e„wË QvovI Ab¨
wKQy| ej‡Z nq †h wØZxqZt gb G wµqv ev
e„w˸‡jvi KZ©v ev Avkªq| A_©r, gb ïay
wµqv ev e„wË bq| gb GKwU mËv-I e‡U|
g‡bvwe`¨v cÖavbZt gvbme„wË ev wµqvB
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| gvbmmËv `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvi
welq| AwaKvsk g‡bvwe‡`i g‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v
gvbmwµqvi we`¨v| gvmb e„wË ev wµqvi
we`¨v‡KB g‡bvwe`¨v e‡j|
Ôwe`¨vÕ K_vwUi A_© weÁvb| Zv n‡j g‡bvwe`¨v GKwU weÁvb| †Kb Ges †Kvb& A‡_© g‡bvwe`¨v‡K weÁvb ejv
n‡q _v‡K?
g‡bvwe`¨v
GKwU weÁvb
(Psychology is a science)
gb m¤^‡Ü weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv‡K g‡bvwe`¨v
e‡j| g‡bvwe`¨v GKwU weÁvb| weÁv‡bi mKj j¶Y¸wjB g‡bvwe`¨vq AívwaK fv‡e
i‡q‡Q|
(1)
cÖ‡Z¨K weÁv‡bi †hgb GKwU we‡kl ev
wbw`©ó Av‡jvP¨ welq _v‡K, g‡bvwe`¨viI †Zgb GKwU wbw`©ó Av‡jvP¨ welq Av‡Q| g‡bvwe`¨vi we‡kl ev wbw`©ó Av‡jvP¨ welq nj
g‡bi KvR ev e„wË|
(2)
cÖ‡Z¨K weÁv‡bi j¶¨ nj Gi we‡kl welqe¯‘
m¤^‡Ü KZK¸wj mvaviY wbqg Avwe®‹vi Kiv|
g‡bvwe`¨vI gb m¤^‡Ü KZK¸wj mvaviY wbqg ‡ei K‡i| †hgb, †nŸei-‡dK&bvi m~Î (Weber-Fechner Law) GKwU
g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wbqg| †nŸei-‡dK&bvi
m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨, DÏ&xcK‡K wK cwigv‡Y evov‡j cÖwZwµqv wVK ‡e‡o‡Q e‡j †evSv
hvq, Zv wbY©q Kiv nq|
j¨v½&-‡Rg&m& (Lange
James) m~Î AviI GKwU g‡bv‰eÁvwbK mvaviY wbqg| G m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ ˆ`wnK ms‡e`b I cÖKv‡ki
c‡¶v‡fi m¤^Ü wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(3)
Avevi cÖ‡Z¨K weÁvb ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi
mvnv‡h¨ Gi wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv K‡i| g‡bvwe`¨vI
cÖv‡qvwMK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K|
(4)
weÁv‡bi gZ g‡bvwe`¨vI myk„•Lj fv‡e
wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ weÁv‡bi gZ
g‡bvwe`¨vI av‡c av‡c mnR Ges mij welq n‡Z RwUjZi wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq AMÖmi
nq|
(5)
weÁvb †hgb wbwðZ wm×v‡š— †cuvQv‡Z Pvq,
g‡bvwe`¨vI wbwðZ wmÜvš— jv‡f m‡Pó| Zv
Qvov, Ab¨vb¨ weÁv‡bi gZ g‡bvwe`¨vI Gi dj¸wj MvwYwZK wnmv‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wbLuyZ Kivi
†Póv K‡i|
g‡bvwe`¨v
†Kvb& †kªYxi weÁvb?
(Nature of Psychology as a science)
(K) g‡bvwe`¨v
GKwU gvbm weÁvb (mental science),
KviY gbB Gi Av‡jvP¨ welq| c`v_©we`¨v ev
imvq‡bi gZ g‡bvwe`¨v Ro weÁvb (Physical
Science) bq, KviY GUv evn¨ cÖK…wZi †Kvb Ro e¯‘ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i
bv| Avevi gvbmwe`¨v n‡jI g‡bvwe`¨v
Rxewe`¨vi (biology)
m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e mswkó| cÖvY I kixi n‡Z
wew”Qbœ g‡bi Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i kixix cÖvYxi gb (embodied mind) wb‡q g‡bvwe`¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
(L) g‡bvwe`¨v
Av`k©wbô we`¨v bq, wKš— NUbvwbô we`¨v (Positive
Science)| Av`‡k©i gvb`‡Û
g‡bi wePvi bv K‡i g‡bvwe`¨v wbQK NUbv wn‡m‡e gvbme„wËi Av‡jvPbv K‡i| gvbme„wË wVK †hfv‡e N‡U Zv - B g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨| Gi wK fv‡e NUv DwPZ Zv g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨
bq|
(M) g‡bvwe`¨v
†hgb gvbme„w˸wj‡K NUbv iƒ‡c eY©bv K‡i, †Zgwb Avevi KZ¸wj mvaviY wbqg ev m~Î
Avwe®‹vi K‡i I‡`i e¨vL¨vI K‡i| myZivs,
g‡bvwe`¨v †hgb eY©bvg~jK weÁvb, †Zgb e¨vL¨vg~jK weÁvbI e‡U|
(N) g‡bvwe`¨v‡K mvaviYZt Ávbwbô (Theoretical) weÁvb ejv n‡q
_v‡K| g‡bvwe`¨v g‡bi MVb I wµqv m¤^‡Ü
Ávb jvf Ki‡Z Pvq| wK wK gvbme„wË wb‡q gb
MwVZ? G mKj gvbme„wË †Kvb& †Kvb&
wbqg Abymv‡i KvR K‡i, -- G mKj cÖkœ g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨| myZivs g‡bvwe`¨v Ávbwbô weÁvb| G A‡_© G‡K mvaviY ev ï× g‡bvwe`¨v (General or Pure Psychology)
ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ïay Ávbwbô we`¨vB ejv P‡j bv|
AvRKvj bvbv cÖKvi e¨envwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡b g‡bvwe`¨vi mvaviY Ávb‡K Kv‡R
jvMvb n‡”Q| †hgb, wk¶v-g‡bvwe`¨v
nv‡Z-Kj‡g wk¶v_©xi wk¶vcÖYvjx D™¢ve‡b m‡Pó|
Avevi, wkíxq g‡bvwe`¨v Kj-KviLvbv, bvbv e¨emvq cÖf„wZ‡Z cÖhy³ n‡”Q| Gfv‡e ï× g‡bvwe`¨vi gZ dwjZ g‡bvwe`¨vi (Applied Psychology)D™¢e n‡”Q| g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ïay Ávbwbô ej‡j G‡K m¼xY© Kiv
nq|
g‡bvwe`¨v
wK cÖvK…wZK weÁvb?
(Is Psychology a natural Science?)
g‡bvwe`¨v wK
c`v_©we`¨v, kvixie„Ë, imvqb cÖf„wZi b¨vq cÖvK…wZK weÁvb, A_ev bxwZwe`¨vi
cÖf„wZi b¨vq mvs¯‹…wZK (cultural)
weÁvb? †Kvb †Kvb g‡bvwe`& g‡b K‡ib
†h g‡bvwe`¨v cÖvK…wZK weÁvb| Dfq c‡¶i hyw³¸‡jv D‡jL K‡i g‡bvwe`¨v cÖvK…wZK
weÁvb wKbv Zv †`Lv hvK|
‡h mKj
g‡bvwe`& g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv, Zuv‡`i hyw³¸‡jv
wbæiƒc| (1) cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi welq evn¨
cÖK…wZi †Kvb bv †Kvb Ask| c¶vš—‡i
g‡bvwe`¨vi welq gb| gb evn¨ cÖK…wZi †Kvb
Ask bq| (2) cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi c×wZ evn¨-ch©‡e¶Y Ges
cÖ‡qvM| wKš‘ ïay evn¨-ch©‡e¶Y Ges cÖ‡qvM
mvnv‡h¨ gb Av‡jvP¨ bq| wbqwš¿Z Ae¯’vq
ch©‡e¶Y I Aš—`©k©b mvnv‡h¨B gb Av‡jvP¨|
(3) Zv Qvov, cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi welq †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq, wKš—
g‡bvwe`¨vi welq gb D‡Ïk¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z|
(4) g‡bi Avmj iƒc g‡bvwe`¨vi welq
bv n‡jI, g‡bvwe`¨v Zv a‡i wb‡q g‡bi fvmgvb iƒc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z AMÖmi nq|
Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y A‡bK
g‡bvwe`&, †hgb ÷vDU (Stout),
g¨vK&WyM¨vj (Mc Dougall)
cÖf„wZ g‡b K‡ib †h g‡bvwe`¨v cÖvK…wZK weÁvb bq|
c¶vš—‡i †h mKj
g‡bvwe` g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb e‡j g‡b K‡ib, Zuv‡`i hyw³¸‡jv wbæiƒc| (1)
Av‡jvK, Zvc, kixi cÖf„wZi gZ gbI cÖK…wZiB Ask| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i gZ gbI gvby‡li m„ó c`v_©
bq| †h wbq‡g gb KvR K‡i †m wbqgI g‡bi
¯^fve A_ev cÖK„wZMZ| (2) Zv Qvov, evn¨ e¯‘‡K †hgb Avgiv ch©‡e¶Y I cÖ‡qvM
mvnv‡h¨ eywS, gb‡KI Abyiƒc fv‡e †R‡b _vwK|
nvwm Kvbœv cÖf„wZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i, myL `ytL cÖf„wZ gvbme„wËi Ávbjvf m¤¢e
nq| Zv n‡j †`Lv hvq †h g‡bvwe`¨vI GKwU
cÖK…wZK wbÁvb| (3) †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z gb g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨
bq| (4)
g‡bvwe`¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡i kix‡ii ga¨¯’Zvq cÖKvwkZ g‡bi ewntcÖKvk ¸wji|
G mKj Kvi‡Y
nŸyÛ&, DBwjqg& †Rg&m& (William
James), IqvU&mb& (Watson)
cªgyL g‡bvwe˜ MY g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb e‡j mve¨¯— K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv g‡b K‡ib ‡h, cÖvK„wZK weÁv‡bi gZ
g‡bvwe`¨vI cÖK…wZi GKiƒcZv (Uniformity of
Nature) Ges Kvh©KviY m~Î (Law
of Causation) ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges ch©‡e¶Y, cÖ‡qvM Ges
we‡klY-g~jK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i|
nŸyÛ& -Gi
c~e©eZ©x g‡bvwe`MY `k©b n‡Z c„_K K‡i g‡bvwe`¨vi Abykxjb K‡ib wb| myZivs g‡bvwe`¨v wQj `k©‡bi cy”QjMœ GKwU
welq| c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb Ges me‡k‡l
Rxewe`¨v `k©‡bi eÜbcvk wQbœ K‡i
µ‡gvbœwZi c‡_ AMÖmi nw”Qj, GUv †`‡L eû g‡bvwe`& g‡bvwe`¨v‡KI `k©‡bi
AvkªqPz¨Z Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| nŸyÛ Ges
†Rg&m& g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb e‡j †NvlYv Ki‡jb| Rb IqvU&mb& Rxewe`¨vi Av`‡k© AbycÖwYZ
n‡q g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvbiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v Ki‡jb| Aš—`©k©b, gb, †PZbv cÖf„wZ‡K g‡bvwe`¨vi GB
AMÖMwZi Aš—ivq g‡b K‡i IqvU&mb& g‡bvwe`¨v n‡Z wbe©vwmZ Ki‡jb|
Dcmsnvit
Dcmsnv‡i ej‡Z nq
†h, g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb g‡b Kiv Am½Z|
KviY Ñ
(K)
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K cÖK…wZK weÁvb ej‡j gb I Ro
e¯‘i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| A_P gb I R‡oi
GKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ GB †h gb †PZb, wKš‘ RocÖvK…wZK A‡PZb|
(L)
evn¨ e¯‘i evn¨ cÖZ¨¶ nq, myL `ytL
cÖf„wZ gvbme„w˸‡jvi †Zgb nq bv| myL
`ytL cÖf„wZ gvbme„wËi evn¨ cÖKvk¸‡jviB evn¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev ch©‡e¶Y nq, wKš— G‡`i
Aš—i½ iƒc ïay Aš—`©k©b mvnv‡h¨B aiv c‡o|
g‡bvwe`¨vi Aš—`©k©b c×wZ G‡K cÖvK…wZK weÁvb n‡Z c„_K K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
(M)
cÖvK…wZK weÁ‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K, †hgb
ÑAv‡jvK, Zvc cÖf„wZ‡K GKvwaK e¨w³ GKB mg‡q ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB A‡_© Giv me©RbMÖvn¨| wKš‘ gvbme„wË GB A‡_© me©RbMªvn¨ bq| hvi gvbme„wË, ïay Zviv wbKUB Zv MÖvn¨| Aš—`©k©‡bi m‡½ ch©‡e¶‡Yi wgwjZ cªv‡qvwMK
c×wZi mvnvh¨ IUv me„RbMÖvn¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
(N)
cÖvK…wZK weÁvb¸‡jvi cÖavb wfwË nj
cÖvK…wZK GKiƒcZv Ges Kvh©KviY m~Î| Giv
c~e©eZ©x NUbv w`‡q cieZ©x NUbvi e¨vL¨v K‡i|
A_©vr I‡`i `„wó hvwš¿K (mechanical)| c¶vš—‡i, IqW©, ÷vDU&, g¨vKWyM¨vb cÖf„wZ
g‡bvwe`MY †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, D‡Ïk¨g~jK wbqš¿Y g‡bi GKwU cÖavb j¶Y| gb †Kvb ÁvZ ev AÁvZ D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i KvR K‡i|
¯cÖ¨v½vi (Spranger) wWj‡_ (Dilthey) cÖg~L Rvg©vb
g‡bvwe`MY cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKwU g~j cv_©‡K¨i cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv Ro cÖK…wZi weÁvb‡K e‡j‡Qb cÖK…wZK weÁvb
Ges g‡bvwe`¨v‡K e‡j‡Qb gvbweK weÁvb ev mvs¯‹…wZK weÁvb (cultural science) | gvby‡li gb eyS‡Z n‡j e¨w³Z¡ (individuality)
eyS‡Z n‡e e‡j Zuviv g‡b K‡ib| Avevi e¨w³Z¡ †Kvb g~j¨ (value) Ges A_© (significance) †ev‡ai Øviv
wbqwš¿Z nq| wWj&‡_ cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li
g~j cv_©K¨wU GB e‡j eywS‡q‡Qb, ÒAvgiv cÖK…wZ‡K e¨vL¨v Kwi t Avgiv gvbyl‡K eywS
(we explain nature: we understand man)|
Ó GB cÖKvi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i Zuviv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K
mvs¯‹…wZK weÁv‡bi †kªYxf~³ K‡i‡Qb|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
`„wóf½x
(The Psychological Point of View)
g‡bi weÁvbm¤§Z
Av‡jvPbvB g‡bvwe`¨v| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbv †h
ïay g‡bvwe`¨vB K‡i Ggb bq| bxwZwe`¨v,
ZK©we`¨v Ges b›`bwe`¨v cÖf„wZ gvbm weÁvb¸‡jvI g‡bi Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| bxwZwe`¨v (Ethics), ZK©we`¨v (Logic) Ges b›`bwe`¨v (Aesthetics) h_vµ‡g g‡bi
B”Qvg~jK, wPš—vg~jK, Ges †e`bvg~jK w`K¸wji Av`k©wbô iƒc Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Avevi mKj weÁvbB
GK w`K w`‡q g‡bi Av‡jvPbv K‡i, KviY Giv cÖK„wZi wewfbœ Ask¸wji Ávb ev AwfÁZvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i|
g‡bi GB e¨vcKZvi
w`K we‡ePbv K‡i †Kvb †Kvb g‡bvwe`& g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ÒmKj weÁv‡bi weÁvbÓ (Science of sciences) e‡j‡Qb|
wel‡qi w`K w`‡q
g‡bvwe`¨vi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ weÁv‡bi cv_©K¨ †bB|
KviY Ro, Rxe, gvbm, mKj weÁvbB AwfÁZvi †Kvb Ask wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Zv n‡j weÁvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Amj cv_©K¨ wK? G‡`i g~j cv_©K¨ wel‡qi bq, wKš‘ `„wóf½xi|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
`„wóf½x cvÎMZ (Subjective)
ev cv‡Îi `„wóf½x| †h e¨w³i gb g‡bvwe`¨vi
Av‡jvP¨ Zv‡K cvÎ (Subject)
e‡j | cv‡Îi gvbmwµqv ev e„w˸wj Zvi Dci
wbf©ikxj| g‡bvwe`¨v gvbme„w˸wji
Av‡jvPbv K‡i cv‡Îi w`K n‡Z| cvÎ nq‡Zv
Zx‡i e‡m wbweó g‡b mgy‡`ªi †XD †`L‡Q|
Ô‡XD †`LvÕ iƒc gvbme„wËwU‡K `yB w`K n‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU w`K nj Ô‡`LvÕ gvbme„wËi welq Ô‡XDÕ m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv Ges AciwU nj Ô‡XDÕ iƒc wel‡qi Ô‡`LvÕ gvbmwµqvi Av‡jvPbv| cÖ_g w`KwU nj welqMZ (objective) Ges wØZxqwU
cvÎmv‡c¶ (subjective)| welqMZ `„wóf½xwU †mB me weÁv‡bi, hv‡`i c×wZ
ch©‡e¶Y| Avevi cvÎmv‡c¶ `„wóf½xwU †mB
weÁv‡bi hvi c×wZ Aš—`©k©b|
g‡bvweÁvb GB
cvÎmv‡c¶ `„wóf½x AviI `yB-GKwU `„óvš— w`‡q eySv‡bv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, Nwoi wn‡m‡e Av_ev welqMZ `„wóf½x‡Z †h
mg‡qi cwigvY GK N›Uv Zv cvÎmv‡c¶ `„wóf½x‡Z GK N›Uvi †ewk ev Kg e‡j g‡b n‡Z
cv‡i| Nwoi KuvUvi G mgq GK N›Uv gvÎ n‡jI,
†h N›UvwU Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡` Kv‡U †mBwU GK N›Uvi Kg e‡j g‡b nq, Avevi †m N›UvwU `yt†L
KvU‡j †hb KvU‡ZB Pvq bv Ges N›Uv A‡c¶v †ewk e‡j AbyfyZ nq| Avevi `yiZ¡ Ges IRb m¤ú‡K©I G `yBwU `„wóf½xi
cv_©K¨ ¯úófv‡e aiv c‡o| g‡bi gZ m½xi
mv‡_ nuvU‡j `~ic_I wbKU jv‡M, Avevi Awb”Qvq, Amy¯’ kix‡i, wbtm½fv‡e A_ev f‡q
f‡q H GKB c_ nuvU‡j, Zv Avi †hb dziv‡Z Pvq bv|
Avevi gvc ev IRb m¤^‡ÜI GKB K_v Lv‡U|
†Kvb e¯‘i IRb GK n‡jI, m‡ZR kixi I gb wb‡q e¯‘wU‡K Zzj‡j, Zv nvév Ges
Aembœ kixi I gb wb‡q Zzj‡j, IUv fvix g‡b nq|
bx‡P `yBwU mgvb
mij‡iLvi g‡a¨ GKwUi `yB cÖvš—B Db¥y³ ev †Lvjv Ges AciwU Dfq cÖvš—B Ave eo Ges Ave
 |
 |
K‡qKwU
RoweÁvb n‡Z g‡bvwe`¨vi `„wóf½xi cv_©K¨t
GKwU `„óv‡š—i ga¨ w`‡q eySv‡bv hvK|
†hgb, GKwU kã ïbwQ| GLv‡b kã
welqwU‡K wewfbœ `„wóf½x n‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| g‡bvwe`¨v kã‡K evB‡ii e¯‘ wn‡m‡e ev welqMZ
`„wóf½x n‡Z bv †`‡L †kvbv ev ÔkªeY KivÕ iƒc gvbm AwfÁZv ev kªeY ms‡e`‡bi
`„wóf½x n‡Z †`‡L| g‡bvwe`¨v k‡ãi wbR¯^
welqMZ iƒc wb‡q gv_v Nvgvq bv| AwfÁZv ev
kªeY ms‡e`‡bi w`K n‡Z, A_©vr Gi cvÎmv‡c¶ iƒcB g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨| c¶vš—‡i kvixie„Ë Ôkã †kvbvÕ iƒc e¨vcviwU‡K
Ab¨ `„wóf½x n‡Z †`‡L| kã ïb‡Z n‡j Kv‡bi
†Kvb& Ask wK KvR K‡i Ges kã-DÏxcK bvf©cÖev‡ni AvKv‡i †Kvb& bv‡f©i ga¨
w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q gw¯—‡¯‹ cÖwZwµqv RvMvq, G RvZxq cÖkœB kvixie„‡Ëi Av‡jvP¨| kvixie„‡Ëi `„wóf½x welqMZ, KviY Zv kã‡K
AwfÁZv ev kªeY ms‡e`‡bi w`K n‡Z bv †`‡L †h mKj kvixiwµqv NU‡j G me ms‡e`b N‡U
Zv‡`i w`K n‡Z †`‡L| Avevi c`v_©we`¨vI kã
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| evqy K¤ú‡bi wewfbœ
‰`N©, D”PZv, MVb cÖf„wZ wKiƒ‡c k‡ãi wewfbœZv NUvq, GB RvZxq cÖkœ¸‡jvB
c`v_©we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨| c`v_©we`¨v kã‡K Gi
†kvbv ev kªeY iƒc AwfÁZvi n‡Z c„_K K‡i evn¨ welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Gi `„wóf½x welqMZ, g‡bvwe`¨vi gZ cvÎMZ ev
AwfÁZvmv‡c¶ bq|
Dcmsnvit
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq g‡bvwe`¨vi
cvÎMZ ev AwfÁZvmv‡c¶ `„wóf½x ¯úófv‡e eySv‡bv nj| Zv n‡j, g‡bvwe`¨vi `„wóf½x nj welq‡K AwfÁZv
n‡Z ¯^Zš¿ welq wn‡m‡e bv †`‡L wel‡qi ÁvZ e¨w³i AwfÁZvi Dci wbf©ikxj welq wn‡m‡e
†`Lv| Zv n‡j GB `„wóf½xB g‡bvwe`¨v‡K
Ab¨vb¨ weÁvb n‡Z c„_K K‡i‡Q| GKB welq‡K
AwfÁZvwbi‡c¶ Ges AwfÁZvmv‡c¶ iƒ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AwfÁZvmv‡c¶ ev cvÎMZ `„wóf½xB g‡bvwe`¨vi
wewkó `„wóf½x|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
welqe¯‘
(Subject-Matter of Psycholoty)
÷vDU& e‡j‡Qb,
gvbmwµqvejxi A_ev gvbmRxe‡bi Av‡jvPbvB g‡bvwe`¨v| A_©vr, mKj gvbmwµqv A_ev mgMÖ
gvbeRxebB g‡bvwe`¨vi welq|
gvbmwµqv
AmsL¨| gvbmRxeb weivU| gvby‡li †PZbv‡K hv wKQy ¯úk© K‡i, Zv
gvbmwµqvi ga¨ w`‡qB ¯úk© K‡i| †hgb, GKwU
dzj †`Ljvg| GLv‡b Ô‡`LvÕ GKwU gvbmwµqv|
G gvbmwµqvwUi bvg Ô`k©bÕ ms‡e`b (sensation)| Giƒc kã Ô‡kvbvÕ Dò ev kxZj e¯‘ Ô¯úk© KivÕ, †Kvb Lv`¨ ÔAv¯^v`b KivÕ ev Zvi ÔMÜ †bIqvÕ cÖf„wZ gvbmwµqvi bvg h_vµ‡g kã
ms‡e`b, ¯úk© ms‡e`b, ¯^v` ms‡e`b Ges NÖvY ms‡e`b| GB gvbmwµqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jvP¨ gvbmwµqv wb‡qB
gvbmRxeb| Giv mgMÖ gvbmRxe‡bi Avmj
wfwË| Gevi AviI we¯—„Zfv‡e gv‡bvwe`¨vi
welq Av‡jvP¨|
K) g‡bvwe`¨vi
Av‡jvP¨ welq gb| †PZbv (consciousness) g‡bi we‡kl
ag©| myZivs †PZbv g‡bvwe`¨vi welqxf~Z
wKš‘ †PZbvB g‡bi meUzKz bq| gy”Q©vq,
wb`ªvq †PZbv Abyf~Z nq bv| ZvB †PZbvi
Mfx‡i AviI gvbm¯—i Aek¨B Av‡Q| †PZbvi
wVK wbgœZ‡j i‡q‡Q Ae‡PZb (subconscious)
Av_ev A¯úó †PZbv| Ae‡PZb wµqv †PZbvq bv
_vK‡jI, GKUz †Póv Ki‡jB †PZbvq Av‡m|
†hgb ÔcvLx me K‡i ie ivwZ †cvnvBjÕ jvBbwU BwZc~‡e© Avgv‡`i †PZbvq wQj
bv| wKš‘ g‡b Kwi‡q †`Iqv gvÎ Avgv‡`i g‡b
nj| Avevi †PZbvi MfxiZg ¯—i wbÁ©vb (unconscious)| me gvmwµqv †PZb ev Ae‡PZb bq| g‡bi MfxiZg Zj‡`‡k wbÁ©vb gb i‡q‡Q| †hgb, †Póv K‡iI Avgiv Avgv‡`i cÖ_g †kke
AwfÁZv †PZbvq Avb‡Z cvwi bv| A_P
gb:mgx¶K Zuvi ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ GB wbÁ©vb AwfÁZv cybi“×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Zv n‡j †PZb,
Ae‡PZb, wbÁ©vb cÖf„wZ hveZxq gvbmwµqvB g‡bvwe`¨vi welqe¯‘|
L) g‡bvwe`¨v
Ôg‡bi we`¨vÕ eySvq| g‡bi `ywU w`K| GKwU g‡bi mËv, AciwU wµqv| gvbmmËv w¯’i|
gvbmwµqv PÂj| g‡bvwe`¨v w¯’i
gvbmmËv wb‡q gv_v Nvgvq bv| gvbmmËv
`k©‡bi Av‡jvP¨, g‡bvwe`¨vi bq|
g‡bvwe`¨vi welq gvbmwµqv|
g‡bvwe`¨v gvbme„wËi ev gvbmwµqvi we`¨v|
M) gvbmwµqv ev
e„wˇK wZb †kªYxf~³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
hv B”Qvg~jK ev wµqvg~jK (conative),
†e`bvg~jK (affective)
Ges wPš—b ev Ávbg~jK (cognitive)|
1) B”Qvg~jK
gvbmwµqvi D`vniY - h_v ¯^Z:dzZ© wµqv (m‡`¨vRvZ wkïi nvZ cv †Quvov
): cÖwZeZ© wµqv (reflex action) h_v Av¸‡b nvZ
jvM‡j nvZ mwi‡q †bIqv; mnRvZ cÖe„wË (instinct),
h_v wkïi gvZ…¯—b cvb; A‰bw”QK wµqv (non-voluntary
action), h_v evR covi k‡ã Awb”Qvq AvK…ó nIqv; Hw”QK wµqv (voluntary action), †hgb †¯^”Qvq
cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv; g‡bv‡hvM (attention)
BZ¨vw`|
2) †e`bvg~iK
gvbmwµqvi D`vniY - h_v hvwš¿K myL `ytL ( organic
pleasure and pain), h_v ¶zavi Kó ev `ytL Ges cwiZ…ß
Avnv‡ii myL ev ¯^w¯—‡eva; myL `ytL †e`bv (feeling
of pleasure and pain) h_v Mig fvj jvMv, VvÛv evj bv jvMv;
cÖ‡¶vf ev Abyf~wZ (emotion),
h_v cix¶vq mvd‡j¨ myL, e¨_©Zvq `ytL; im‡eva (sentiment), h_v Ávbv‡š^l‡Yi, PvwiwÎK Av`k©
†ev‡ai, †mŠ›`h© Abyf~wZi Avb›` Ges G‡`i wecixZ Abyf~wZi wbivb›`, cÖf„wZ|
3) Ávbg~jK
gvbmwµqvi D`vniY – h_v ms‡e`b (sensation),
h_v †`Lv †kvbv, cÖe„wZ; cÖZ¨¶ (perception),
h_v GKwU dzj‡K dzj e‡j †`Lv; ¯§„wZ (memory),
h_v cwVZ welq g‡b ivLv; Kíbv (imagination),
h_v evox ˆZixi Av‡M g‡b g‡b Zvi GKwU b·v wPš—v Kiv; AeaviY (Judgement), h_v Ôgvbyl
giYkxjÕ GB gvbwmK mZ¨ cÖwZôv ev (affirmation)
Ges Abygvb ev b¨vq (inference or reasonig)
h_v, †h‡nZz mKj gvbyl giYkxj Ges ivg gvbyl, myZivs ivg giYkxj| G‡`i‡K g‡bi
wPš—v g~jK (thinking)
wµqvI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
N) Avm‡j
kvixie„‡Ëi (physiology)
Av‡jvP¨ A‡bK¸wj †`nh‡š¿i MVb Ges wµqv g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq| g‡bvwe`¨vi GB
Ask‡K kvixie„Ëxq g‡bvwe`¨v (physiological
psychology) ejv n‡q _v‡K| welqwU wekvj, wKš‘
ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvP¨|
1| †K›`ªxq bvf©Zš¿ gw¯—¼, †gi“`Û Ges Zrm¤úwK©Z
bvf©Zš¿ wb‡q MwVZ| gb †`‡ni m‡½ Nwbô m~‡Î m¤úwK©Z| gw¯—®‹ Ges †gi“`‡Ûi wbqš¿‡bB eû gvbmwµqv
mvwaZ nq| †hgb ¯^ZùzZ© wµqv cÖwZeZ© wµqv
cÖf„wZ †gi“`‡Ûi wbqš¿Yvaxb| gw¯—‡¯‹i
wbgœv‡ji DciI GUv wbf©i Ki‡Z cv‡i| EbœZZi gvbmwµqv¸wj gw¯—‡¯‹i Dci wbf©i
K‡i| †hgb, ¯§„wZ, Kíbv, wPš—v, cÖf„wZi
cÖKvk wbqwš¿Z nq Aš—t¶iv MÖwš’i (†hgb A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’) im¶iY Øiv Ges Af¨š—ixY
i³mÂvjb, ürK¤ú, bvoxmÂvjb cÖf„wZi Øviv|
GB mKj ˆ`wnK e¨vcvi g‡bvwe`¨vi welqf~Z|
2| `k©b, kªeY,
¯úk©b, Av¯^v`b, NÖvYb cÖf„wZ ms‡e`b Bw›`ªqh‡š¿i mvnvh¨ Qvov NU‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb, `k©b P¶zw›`ª‡qi, ¯úk©b Z¡‡Ki, Av¯^v`b
wRnŸvi Ges NÖvYb bvwmKvi Øvi w`‡q mvwaZ nq| myZivs, g‡bvwe`¨v G mKj
Bw›`ªqh‡‡š¿i MVb Ges wµqvi Av‡jvPbvq eva¨ nq|
G‡`i MVb Ges KvR bv Rvb‡j H ms‡e``b¸‡jvi AvKvi cÖKvi Rvbv hvq bv| ZvB GB Bw›`ªqh›`ª¸‡jvi MVb Ges wµqv
g‡bvwe`¨vi welqe¯‘ n‡q `uvovq|
O) g‡bvwe`¨v
weÁvb, myZivs c×wZwbô| Aš—`k©b (introspection), ch©‡e¶Y (observation) Ges cÖ‡qvM (experiment) wb‡q g‡bvwe`¨vi
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ (expermental method)
MwVZ| gvwÎK c×wZ (quantitative metho ) g‡bvwe`¨vi
welqxf~Z| KviY GB c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ gvbme„wËi
cwigvc (measurement)
Kiv nq| cwimsL¨vb c×wZI (statistical method) g‡bvwe`¨vq
¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i| Kv‡RB g‡bvwe`¨vq
G me c×wZ Aek¨B Av‡jvP¨ welq|
P) e¨w³Z¡ (Personality) GKwU g¯— eo
gvbm-‰Re-kixi MVb| Gi MVb, ¯^fve, weKvk,
j¶Y, gvÎv, cwigvc cÖf„wZ g‡bvwe`¨vi A½xf~Z|
e¨w³‡Z¡i eskMwZ (heredity)
A_ev cwi‡ekMwZ, e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z †f` (individual
differences), e¨w³‡Z¡i ‡kªYx‡f` (types), Aš—t¶iv MÖwš’i im¶i‡Yi Dci
e¨w³‡Z¡i wbf©ikxjZv, e¨w³‡Z¡i bvbvZ¡ (multiple
personality), GKvš—iZv (alternation), cÖf„wZ mgm¨vi
Av‡jvPbvq AMÖmi nq g‡bvwe`¨v|
Q) e„w×i Av‡jvPbv
g‡bvwe`¨vq we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| eyw× wK Ges
Kv‡K e‡j, eyw×i A¼ A_ev ey×v¼ (intelligence
quotient) mvnv‡h¨ eyw×i ZviZg¨ wbY©q ev ¯—i‡f`, eyw×i µgweKk, eyw×i
DbœwZweavb, eyw×i Afx¶v ev cwigvc (intelligence
tests, measurement of intelligence) cÖf„wZi
Av‡jvPbv g‡bvwe`¨vq Acwinvh© welq|
R) wk¶Y (learning) g‡bvwe`¨vi
Avewk¨K welq| wk¶Y wK Ges Kv‡K e‡j,
wk¶‡Yi g~j bxwZ ev m~Î (laws of learning),
wk¶Y‡K `ª“Z Ges mdj Kivi c×wZ cÖf„wZ cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡b g‡bvwe`¨v cÖPzi Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡i|
S) gvbmRxeb
gbyl¨Rxe‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| ZvB gbyl¨Rxe‡bi
hveZxq welq g‡bvwe`¨vi A½xf~Z|
e¨w³g‡bvwe`¨v (Individual
psychology), mgvR g‡bvwe`¨v (Social Psychology), A¯^fvex
g‡bvwe`¨v ( Abnormal Psychology),
cÖvYx g‡bvwe`¨v (Animal Psychology),
wkï g‡bvwe`¨v (Child Psychology),
wK‡kvi g‡bvwe`¨v (Adolescent Psychology),
ag©xq g‡bvwe`¨v (Psychology of Religion)
cÖf„wZ gvbmRxe‡bi AMwYZ kvLv-cÖkvLv g‡bvwe`¨vi welq|
GK K_vq, hv wKQy
gvbmRxe‡bi Z_v gvbeRxeb‡K ¯úk© K‡i, Zv-B g‡bvwe`¨vi welqe¯‘|
g‡bwe`¨vi
msÁv, †¶Î Ges kvLv
(Definition, Scope and Branches of Psychology)
1| g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁvi BwZnvm
gb
m¤^‡× we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨v| Kv‡RB ÔgbÕ ej‡Z
Avgiv wK eySe g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁv Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| g‡bi aviYv e`jvevi m‡½ m‡½ g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁv
e`jvq|
‡c‡Uv
(Plato) gb ej‡Z
†`nvwZwi³ AvZ¥mËv Ges g‡bvwe`¨v ej‡Z ÔAvZ¥mËvi we`¨vÕ eywS‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, KzU¯’ I wbZ¨ ÒAvZ¥mËvi we`¨vB
g‡bvwe`¨vÓ (Science of the Psyche or
Soul)|
wKš‘,
AvZ¥mËv ZË¡we`¨vi ( Metaphysics)
ÁvZe¨ welq| GB msÁv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K `k©‡bi cy”QjMœ K‡i iv‡L,
G‡K weÁvbc`evP¨ n‡Z †`q bv| KviY,
AvZ¥¯^iƒ‡c g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖv‡qvwMK c×wZ cÖ‡hvh¨ bq|
‡c‡Uvi
wkl¨ A¨vwi÷Uj (Aristotle)
BD‡ivcxq g‡bvwe`¨vi RbK| wZwb gb‡K wbQK
†`nvwZwi³ AvZ¥v e‡j wb‡`©k K‡ib wb|
AvZ¥v kixix Ges kixi n‡Z Awfbœ, KivY kixi-wew”Qbœ AvZ¥v wµqvkxj n‡Z cv‡i
bv| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Òg‡bvwe`¨v kixix
AvZ¥vi we`¨vÓ (Science of the living
organisation )|
ga¨hyMxq
g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁv Ògb m¤^Üxq we`¨vÓ| wKš‘
G msÁvq gb ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv A¯úó i‡q †M‡Q|
‡`Kv‡Z©I
(Descartes)
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K Ògb m¤^Üxq we`¨vÓ e‡j‡Qb| ÔgbÕ ej‡Z wK eySvq wZwb Zvi my¯úó wb‡`©k
w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, wPš—b (Thought) A_ev †PZbvB (Consciousness) g‡bi
¯^iƒc| GBiƒ‡c g‡bi we`¨vi cwie‡Z©
g‡bvwe`¨v Ò‡PZbvi we`¨vÓ (The
Science of Consciouness) n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
wKš‘
g‡bvwe`¨vi GB msÁvwUI g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î‡K wPš—b ev †PZbvq mxgve× K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ †PZbvi wb‡gœI g‡bi K‡qKwU ¯—i Av‡Q,
†h¸‡jv g‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ Ñ †hgb Ae‡PZb (Subconscious) Ges wbÁ©vb (Unconscious)| †`Kv‡Z© gb‡K †PZbvi m‡½ mge¨vß K‡i g‡bi †¶Î
n‡Z G `ywU ¯—i‡K ev` w`‡q‡Qb|
Rvg©vb
g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖwZôvZv jBewbR (Leibnitz)
g‡bi †¶Î‡K †PZbvq mxgve× iv‡Lb wb| wZwb
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K Ò‡PZbvi we`¨vÓ n‡Z Ò‡PZb Ges Ae‡PZb g‡bi we`¨vÓ iƒ‡c
cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Qb|
cÖv‡qvwMK
g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖ_g cÖ‡qvMkvjvi cÖwZôvZv nŸyÛ (Wundt),
wUkbvi (Titechner),
Kz‡í (Kulpe), cÖgyL
g‡bvwe`MY g‡bvew`¨v‡K gvbme„wËi we`¨vq cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| nŸyÛ Gi g‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v nj Òe¨w³i AwfÁZvwe`¨v
(Science of Individual Experienc)|
Avevi,
A‡b‡Ki g‡ZB g‡bvwe`¨v Ògvbme„wËi we`¨vÓ (Science of mental States and Processes) n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| g‡bvwe` ÷vDUI (Stout) g‡bvwe`¨vi GB msÁvB MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
gvbmwµqv
ev AwfÁZvi we`¨v n‡j, g‡bvwe`¨v AwfÁZvi (Experience
Individual) Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q `uvovq| GB Kvi‡Y wUkbvi e‡j‡Qb †h ÒAwfÁZvmv‡c¶
AwfÁZvi we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨vÓ (Science of
Experience Dependent upon an experiencing person)|
AvaywbK
g‡bvwe`¨v g‡bi wµqvkxj (Dynamic)
w`KwU MÖnY K‡i Ges g‡bvwe`¨v‡K GKwU NUbvwbô we`¨v wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i| DBwjqvg
g¨vK&WyM¨vj (William McDougall)
Z`vbymv‡i e‡jb Óg‡bvwe`¨v cÖvwYi AvPi‡bi NUbvwbô we`¨vÓ (Positive Science of the Behaviour of Living Things)|
AvPiYev`x
IqvUmb (Watson),
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ÒcÖvYxi AvPiY we`¨vÓ (Science
of Behaviour) e‡j _v‡Kb| wKš‘ AvPiYev`x ÒAvPiYÓ ej‡Z ïay
ÒDÏxcK-cÖwZwµqv GKKÓ (stimulus-response
unites) eywS‡q _v‡Kb| GB
A‡_© AvPiY GKwU hvwš¿K (Mechanical)
wµqv gvÎ| AvPi‡Yi Dci †PZbv ev g‡bi
wbqš¿b bvB| g¨vK&WyM¨vj AvPiYev`x
bb, wKš‘ D‡Ïk¨ev`x g‡bvwe` (Hormic
Psychologist)| Zv Qvov, AvPiY`xiv gb ev Aš—`©k©b ¯^xKvi K‡i
bv, wKš‘ g¨vKWyM¨vj K‡ib|
‡M÷vë g‡bvwe`¨vI
(Gestalt Psychology)
AvPiYev`xi weiƒ× gZ †cvlY K‡ib| †M÷vë
g‡bvwe`¨vi g‡Z ÒDÏxcK-cÖwZwµqvÓ GKK¸wj wew”Qbœ| c¶vš—‡i gb GKwU mgMÖ e¯‘ (Whole) Ggb wK cÖ‡Z¨K gvbmwµqvB
GKwU †MvUv ev m¤ú~Y© e¯‘| ÒmgMÖ wn‡m‡e
g‡bi wµqv¸‡jvi we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨vÓ| A_ev
Óg‡bvwe`¨v †MvUv gvbmwµqvi we`¨vÓ| KdKv
(Koffka) g‡b K‡ib
†h g‡bvwe`¨v Ògvbm-kixi †¶‡Îi m‡½ Kvh©KviYm~‡Î Ave× AvPiY we`¨vÓ|
and stimulating object)
g‡bvwe`¨v ejv|
Aw¯§Zv g‡bvwe`¨v (Personalistic Psychology)
g‡bvwe`¨vi Avi GKwU msÁv w`‡q‡Q| Gi g‡Z
ÔAnsÕ ev ÔAvwgÕ B g‡bvwe`¨vi welq| DWIqv_©
(Woodworth) Òe¨w³i
wµqv m¤^‡Ü ˆeÁvwbK Av‡jvPbvÓ †K (Science
of the Activities of the Individual) g‡bvwe`¨v
e‡j‡Qb| e¨w³B g‡bvwe`¨vi welq| gvby‡li Rxeb wµqvgq Ges e¨w³i Kg© ev wµqvB
g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
AvaywbK msÁ¸wji mvaviY j¶Y GB †h GUv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K `k©b n‡Z gy³ Ki‡Z Pvq, g‡bi
mPj I mwµq iƒcwU Zy‡j a‡i Ges g‡bvwe`¨v‡K GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK we`¨vi gh©v`vq cÖwZwôZ
K‡i|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
AviI `yÔGKwU AvaywbK msÁv D‡jL¨| Aeqex
g‡bvwe`¨v (Organismic Psychology)
Ges c~Y©v½ g‡bvwe`¨v (Holistic Psychology)
DW&Iqv_©xq g‡bvwe`¨vi gZ ïay e¨w³‡K GKK bv a‡i e¨w³ I †h-e¯‘i m¤ú‡K© †m
mwµq, GB Df‡qi wgwjZ c~Y©v½ e¯‘‡K GKK e‡j g‡b K‡i| G‡`i g‡Z e¨w³ I e¯‘i m¤^ÜRwbZ wµqvB
g‡bvwe`¨vi welq| Zv n‡j Gi g‡Z ÒAeqex (Organism) Ges DÏxc‡Ki
wewkó cvi¯úvwiK wµqvi Av‡jvPbvÓ †K (Science
of the Specific interactions between organisms AvaywbK
g‡bvwe`¨vq DBwjqvg †Rg&m (William
James) GB gZev‡`i cw_K„r|
cÖ‡Z¨K gvbmwµqv ÔAnsÕ †PZbvi Askiƒ‡cB N‡U _v‡K| †gwi K¨vjwKbm (Mary Calkins) Ges DBwjqvg ÷©vb (William Stern) cÖgyL g‡bvwe`‡`i
g‡Z Ans-‡PZbv GKwU Awemsev`x mZ¨|
gvbmwµqv cwieZ©bkxj, wKš‘ Giv †h Ans-‡PZbviB cwieZ©b G †evawU e×g~j Ges
w¯’i| ÒAns-‡PZbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h gvbmwµqv
N‡U g‡bvwe`¨v Zvi we`¨vÓ, KviY Ans-‡PZbv mKj gvbmwµqvi g~j‡K›`ª| †M÷vë g‡bvwe`¨vi c~Y© ev mgMÖ e¯‘i g‡a¨ †kªô
ÔAnsÕ‡K †M÷vë g‡bvwe`¨v D‡c¶v K‡i‡Q Ges Aw¯§Zv g‡bvwe`¨v Gi Dci we‡kl ¸i“Z¡
Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
msÁv
(Definition of Psychology)
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq g‡bvwe`¨vi KZ¸‡jv msÁv
cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| I‡`iI mgv‡jvPbv Avek¨K|
1) cÖ_g †kªYxi msÁv¸‡jv‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v
AvZ¥¯^i“c-we`¨v n‡q `uvovq| †c‡Uvi g‡Z
ÒAvZ¥¯^i“‡ci we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of
the Psyche or Soul)Ó|
A¨vwi÷UjI g‡bvwe`¨v‡K AvswkKfv‡e Giƒc e‡j g‡b K‡ib| cv_©K¨ GB †h, †c‡Uv AvZ¥v‡K kixi n‡Z c„_K
Ges A¨vwi÷Uj G‡`i Nwbôfv‡e m¤^Ü e‡j we‡ePbv K‡ib| A¨vwi÷U‡ji gZ †c‡Uvi Zzjbvi ev¯—eag©x m‡›`n
†bB| wKš‘ Zuv‡`i g‡ZI AvZ¥vi wePvikxj
Ask kixi n‡Z wehy³| GB msÁv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K
AvZ¥we`¨v n‡Z ¯^Zš¿ we`¨viƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cwi bv| d‡j g‡bvwe`¨v weÁvb-c`evP¨ nq bv| ˆeÁvwbK cÖv‡qvwMK c×wZi mnv‡h¨ AvZ¥¯^i“c
A‡Áq| myZivs GB msÁv MÖnb‡hvM¨ bq|
2) Òg‡bi we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of Mind)| ga¨hyMxq `vk©wbKM‡Yi g‡Z, AvZ¥vi cwie‡Z© gbB
g‡bvwe`¨vi welq| GB msÁvwU cÖ_gwUi
Zzjbvq MÖnYxq| KviY gb AvZ¥v n‡Z ¯’~j
Ges ˆeÁvwbK Av‡jvPbvi c‡¶ AvZ¥vi Zyjbvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx| AvZ¥vi Zyjbvq g‡bi m‡½ kix‡ii m¤^Ü AwaKZi
¯úó| wKš‘ g‡bvwe`¨vi GB msÁvwUI me©vs‡k
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| (K) GB msÁvwU AwZe¨vwß †`v‡l `yó| bxwZwe`¨v, hyw³we`¨v Ges †mŠ›`h©we`¨vI g‡bi
we`¨v | Giv g‡bi B”Qvg~jK, wPš—vg~jK Ges
Abyf~wZg~jK Av`k©, h_v wk¥, mZ¨ I my›`‡ii Av‡jvPbv K‡i| (L)
g‡bvwe`¨v NUbvwbô we`¨v, GB msÁvq Gi ¯úó wb‡`©k †bB|
3) †PZbvi we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨vÓ (Science of Consciousness)| †`Kv‡Z© GB msÁvi wb‡`©kK| GB msÁv wØZxqwUi Zzjbvq AwaKZi ¯úó, KviY G‡Z
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ïay g‡bi we`¨v e‡j A¯úó ivLv nq wb|
G‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v‡K Aš—`©k©b c×wZi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G msÁvwUI Ae¨vwß †`v‡l `yó| G‡Z gb‡K †PZbvi m‡½ mge¨vß Kiv n‡q‡Q| gb ij‡Z ïay †PZbvB eySvq bv| †PZbv ev msÁvb ¯—‡ii bx‡P Ae‡PZbv Ges
wbÁ©vb| GB msÁv MÖnY Ki‡j g‡bi D³
¯—i¸‡jv ev` c‡o hvq Ges g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î Ah_v m¼zwPZ n‡q c‡o|
4) Ò‡PZb ev msÁvb Ges Ae‡PZb g‡bi we`¨vB
g‡bvwe`¨v| jBewbR mgw_©Z G mÁv Z…Zxq
msÁvwUi Zzjbvq A‡c¶vK„Z wb‡`©vl, KviY G‡Z g‡bvwe`¨v‡K ïay msÁvb g‡b mxgve× ivLv
nq wb| wKš‘ G msÁvI †`vlgy³ bq, KviY G‡Z
g‡bi AviI MfxiZi wbÁvb ¯—‡ii D‡jL bv _vKvq Ae¨vwß †`vl i‡q †M‡Q|
5) Òg‡bvwe`¨v gvbme„wËi we`¨v (Science of Mental Process)Ó GB msÁwU AvZ¥¯^iƒc, †PZbv cÖf„wZ my² wel‡qi
cwie‡Z© ¯’~j gvbme„wˇK welqiƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i GB weÁvbwU‡K ¯úói“c †`q| wKš— GB msÁwUi cÖavb †`vl GB †h GUv †Kvb
gvbmmËv ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| d‡j gvbme„wËi
avivevwnKZv Ges HK¨ Ki‡Z Amg_© nq| GB
msÁvi cÖ_g cÖavb wb‡`©kK n‡jb †WwfW wnDg|
wZwb gb‡K AmsL¨ `ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj gvbme„wˇZ cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡`i HK¨ I
k„•Ljv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
6) A‡b‡KB g‡bvwe`¨v‡K Ògvbm Ae¯’v I e„wËi we`¨v
(Science of mental States and Processes)Ó iƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| g‡bvwe` ÷vDUI g‡bvwe`¨vi Abyi“c msÁv wba©viY
K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ A‡bK g‡bvwe`B gvbmmËv
¯^xKvi K‡ib wb| Aci w`‡K ÷vDU IUv ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb| GB msÁvq gb‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
gvbme„wˇZ cwiYZ Kivi †`vl cwinvi Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb IqvW©, ÷vDU, K¨vjwKbm,
DBwjqg, ÷vb© cÖgyL g‡bvwe`MY| G‡`i g‡Z
gb ïay gvme„wËi mgwó bq| Zv QvovI gb
GKwU wewkó mËv, hv eû gvbme„wËi g‡a¨ GKÎ m~‡Îi gZ wµqv K‡i| Avevi g‡bvwe`¨v‡K gvbme„wËi weÁvb e‡j GUv
Bw½Z K‡i †h g‡bvweÁvb GKwU NUbvwbô we`¨v|
7) K|
ÒcÖvwYAvPi‡Yi NUbvwbô ev e¨envwiK we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨v (Positive Science of the behaviour of living beings)Ó
g¨vKWyM¨vj cÖ`Ë g‡bvwe`¨vi GB msÁvwU Zzjbvq A‡bKvs‡‡k wb‡`©vl|
(K)
GB msÁv Abymv‡i g‡bvwe`¨v GKwU NUbvwbô we`¨v|
(L) c~‡e©i msÁ¸‡jv Abymv‡i g‡bvwe`¨v gvbyh‡li g‡bB mxgve×| GB msÁvwU‡Z
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î ïay gbyl¨g‡bi mxgv× nq wb|
(M) hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v bv K‡i AvPi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨gyLx e¨vL¨v GB msÁvi g~j
AwfcÖvq|
L|
Òe¨w³i wµqvKjv‡ci we`¨v g‡bvwe`¨v (Science
of the activities of the indivedual)Ó DW&Iqv_© cÖ`Ë | GB msÁvwUi ¸Y GB †h GUv g‡bvwe`¨vi mwµq (dynamic) iƒ‡ci cÖwZ
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| Zv Qvov,
g‡bvwe`¨vi e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK ev cvÎMZ iƒcI GB msÁvq dy‡U D‡V‡Q| Gi †`vl GB †h (K) GUv gvbmmËvi Aw¯—Z¡ A¯^xKvi
Kivq gvbmwµqvi HK¨ wKiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v K‡i Zv eySv KwVb| (L) GB
msÁv ïay msÁvb g‡bB g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î‡K m¼zwUZ K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡g nq| (M) †e`bv (Feeling), cÖ‡¶vf ( Emotion) cÖf„wZ
gvbme„wËM‡jv wbwµq| Giv e¨w³i wµqvKjv‡ci
Aš—fy©³ wK? Zv bv n‡j G msÁvbymv‡i Giv
g‡bvwe`¨vi evB‡i †_‡K hvq|
M) ÒAvPi‡Yi we`¨vB g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of behaviour)Ó IqvU&mb cÖ`Ë GB msÁv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K hvwš¿K
we`¨vq cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| Gi †`vl GB †h, G‡Z
DÏxcK-cÖwZwµqv‡K AvPi‡Yi GKK wnm‡e aiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨vwfgywLZv D‡cw¶Z
n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov, GB msÁvwU g‡bvwe`¨v n‡Z
ÔgbÕ, Ô‡PZbvÕ, ÔAš—`©k©bÕ cÖf„wZ wbe©wmZ K‡i‡Q|
wKš‘ GB msÁvi ¸Y GB †h GUv g‡bvwe`¨vi `„wóf½x‡K welqMZ (Objective) iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i
GK cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi mg‡MvÎxq K‡i‡Q| d‡j
g‡bvwe`¨v e¨vcK Ges ˆbe¨©w³K n‡q `uvovq|
8)
K| K‡qKwU msÁv g‡bvwe`¨vi wel‡qi m¤ú~Y©Zv hv mgMÖZv dzwU‡q †Zv‡j| GB RvZxq GKwU msÁv nj †M÷vvë g‡bvwe`¨v cÖ`Ë
msÁv| mgMÖ ev c~b© gvbme„wËi we`¨vB
g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of mental processes as
wholes) A_ev KdKvi (Koffka)
fvlvq Ògvbm-kvixi †¶‡Îi mwnZ Kvh©Kvijm~‡Î Ave× AvPi‡bi we`¨vÓ (Study of behaviour in its causal connections with the
Psychopysical field) nj g‡bvwe`¨v| gvbme„wË KZ¸‡Mv †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi †hŠwKK dj bq,
wKš‘ GKwU mgMÖ A_ev c~Y© e¯‘| GB msÁvi
¸Y GB †h GUv g‡bvwe`¨v‡K Abyl½ev` (Associationism)
n‡Z gy³ K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K gvbme„wËB †h GKwU
m¤ú~Y© Ges byZb wRwbm, GUv †h KZ¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ wµqvi mgwógvÎ bq GB welqwU
¯úó K‡i eySv‡bvB G msÁvi j¶¨| Zv Qvov, G
msÁvwU cÖZ¨¶ m¤^‡× eû cix¶vi Dci cÖwZwôZ|
L|
ÒDÏxcKe¯‘ I Rx‡ei we‡kl cvi¯úwiK wµqvi weÁvbB g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of specific interactions between organisms and
stimulus objects)Ó Aeqex g‡bvwe`¨v (Organismic Psychology) I c~b©v½
g‡bvwe`¨v (Holistic Psychology)
cÖ`wk©Z G msÁv ‡M÷vë g‡bvwe`¨vi gZ g‡bi mgMÖ iƒcwU e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ G‡`i DÏxcKe¯‘ I Rx‡ei mgMÖ iƒcwUi g~‡j
HK¨m~Îiƒ‡c g‡bi ¯^xK…wZ bvB|
(9)
ÒAns-‡PZbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h mKj gvbme„wË N‡U, Zvi Av‡jvPbvB g‡bvwe`¨v (Science of personal consciousness)Ó
G msÁvwU Aw¯§Zv g‡bvwe`¨vi (personalistic
Psychology) mgw_©Z msÁv| gvbme„wË AmsL¨ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Ans-‡PZbvi AwefvR¨
Ask| G msÁvi ¸Y GB †h GUv gvbmmËvi
Aw¯—Z¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i gvbme„wËi HK¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv Qvov, Ans-‡PZbv ïay GKwU ZË¡gvÎ bq, eis
AwfÁZvjã ev¯—e mZ¨| wKš‘ AwaKvsk
cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe` g‡bvwe`¨vi G msÁv‡K MÖnY K‡i bv| Zuviv Ans-‡PZbviƒc gvbm HK¨m~‡Îi Zzjbvq
gvme„w˸‡jv‡KB g‡bvwe`¨vi †hvM¨Zvi welq iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb|
Dcmsnvi
MÖnbxq
msÁv
Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv
n‡Z GUvB eySv hv‡”Q †h GK K_vq ev ms‡¶‡c g‡bvwe`¨vi ¯úó msÁv wb‡`©k Kiv mnRmva¨
bq| g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁv wb‡`©k Kv‡j j¶¨
ivL‡Z n‡e msÁwU †hb g‡bvwe`¨v wVK hv ZvB eySvq Ges g‡bvwe`¨v hv bq Zv‡K Gi Dci
Av‡ivc bv K‡i|
G w`K w`‡q wePvi
Ki‡j ÷vDU cÖ`Ë Òg‡bvew`¨v g‡bi Ae¯’v Ges wµqv msµvš— we`¨vÓ (Science of mental states and processes)
G msÁvwU wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y MÖnYxq e‡j g‡b nq|
(K) G msÁvi
wfwˇZ g‡bvwe`¨v ¯^fveZt NUbvwbô we`¨v (Positive
Science) n‡q `uvovq| g‡bi †h
mKj Ae¯’v ev wµqv N‡U _v‡K, g‡bvwe`¨v †m¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
(L) G msÁv
cÖv‡qvwMK c×wZ Ges gvwÎK (Quantitative)
c×wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| ev¯— e gvbm
Ae¯’v ev wµqvi cÖ‡qvwMK Ges gvwÎK c×wZwbô Av‡jvPbvB g‡bvwe`¨v|
(M) G msÁv
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K NUbvwbô weÁvb iƒ‡c MnY K‡i I G‡K hvwš¿K we`¨vq cwiYZ K‡i wb, KviY
gvbme„wËi D‡Ïk¨g~jK wbqš¿Y (Teleological
determination) Gi GKwU g~j m~Î| GUv AvPiYev‡`i
†`vl¸‡jv cwinvi K‡i g¨vKWyMvj cÖ`wk©Z D‡Ïk¨vZ¥K g‡bvwe`¨vi ¸Y¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
(N) G msÁvi g~j wfwË Abymv‡i g‡bvwe`¨v ïay msÁvb
g‡b mxgve× bq, wKš‘ g‡bi Ae‡PZb I wbÁ©vb ¯—i `ywUI Gi Aš—fy©³| e¯‘Zt ÷vDU Zuvi g‡bvwe`¨vi MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z msÁv‡bi
wbgœZi gvbm¯—i¸‡jvi Dci h_v‡hvM¨ ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
(O)
G msÁv gb‡K ïay gvbme„wËivwk‡Z ch©ewmZ
K‡i wb, wKš‘ mKj cwieZ©bkxj e„w˸‡jv‡Z AbycÖweó gvbm-mËv‡K HK¨m~Î iƒ‡c MªnY
K‡i‡Q, hw`I G‡K g‡bvwe`¨vi welqiƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i GB weÁvbwU‡K `k©‡b cwiYZ K‡i
wb|
(P)
me©cwi G msÁv AvaywbK †M÷vë, Aeqex Ges
c~Y©v½ g‡bvwe`¨vi c~‡e©B gvbme„wË †h GKwU c~Y© A_ev †MvUv welq Zv ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Q|
‡`Lv hv‡”Q †h,
÷vD‡Ui Gi msÁvwU‡K Zuvi Abym„Z avivq e¨vLv¨ Ki‡j GUv A‡bKvs‡k m‡š—vmRbK| wKš‘ g‡bvwe`¨vi †Kvb msÁ‡KB m¤ú~Y©fv‡e MÖnY Kiv AbywPZ, KviY g‡bvwe`¨v
DbœwZkxj weÁvb| g‡bvwe`¨vi DbœwZi m‡½
m‡½ Gi msÁvi cwieZ©b Aek¨¤¢vex| myZivs
g‡bvwe`¨v‡K †Kvb euvavaiv msÁvq k„•LwjZ bv KivB m½Z| M„nxZ msÁvwU g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvPbvq GKwU m‡¼Z
gvÎ|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
†¶Î ev cwimi
(Scope of Psychology)
g‡bi
wµqvejxB g‡bvwe`¨vi welq| g‡bi wµqvejxi
†¶Î ev cwiwa we¯Z…Z| KviY, hv g‡bi m‡½
mswkó, hv g‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i A_ev hvi Dci gb cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i, ZvB
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î|
hv gvby‡li gb‡K ¯úk© K‡i ZvB g‡bvwe`¨vi
†¶‡Îi Aš—f©y³| g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î n‡Z †Kvb
weÁvb, `k©b, mvwnZ¨, wkí, m½xZ, fv¯‹h© GK K_vq, hv B gvbweK ZviB evB‡i c‡o
bv| myZivs G A‡_© g‡bvwe`¨v ÒmKj weÁv‡bi
weÁvbÓ (Science of Sciences)|
cÖ_gZt mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨vi (General Psychology) mKj welqB Gi
†¶‡Îi Aš—f~©³| g‡bvwe`¨vi msÁv, `„wóf½x,
Gi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ weÁ‡bi m¤^Ü, Gi c×wZ, kixi I g‡bi m¤^Ü, cÖwZeZ©, mnR cÖe„wË ms‡e`b,
cÖZ¶, cÖwZiƒc, ¯§„wZ, Kíbv wPš—b, Abyf~wZ, cÖ‡¶vf, im, eskvbyMwZ I cwi‡ek,
e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z †f`, eyw× cÖf„wZ g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨¸‡jv G †¶‡Î cÖweó|
wØZxqZt g‡bvewe`¨vi wel‡qi Zzjbvq Gi
†¶Î e¨vcKZi| hv cÖZ¨¶ ev gyL¨fv‡e
g‡bvwe`¨vi welqxf~Z bq Ggb A‡bK welqB g‡bvwe`¨vi c‡iv¶ †¶Î|
(K) g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖavb welq cwiYZ e¨w³i gb (Adult Mind) | wKš‘ wKi“‡c wkïi, Ggb wK wbgœZi cÖvYxi,
AcwiYZ gb cwiYZ g‡b weKvk jvf K‡i Zv e~S‡Z nq|
myZivs wkïg‡bvwe`¨v Ges cªvYxg‡bvwe`¨v g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(L) wk¶Y e¨vcv‡i g‡bvwe`¨vi Ávb `iKvi| wk¶‡Ki wk¶`vb Ges wk¶vMÖnY, GB `ywU e¨vcvviB
KZ¸‡jv mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv R‡i|
myZivs wk¶vg‡bvwe`¨vI g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Îi Aš—fy©³|
(M) Avevi mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨v †Mvôxi, mgv‡Ri
ev RvwZi gb wb‡q gyL¨ fv‡e Av‡jvPb K‡i bv|
A_P G msMVb¸‡jv gvbmcÖKvkI g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î G‡m c‡o| Kvbj gb m¤^‡Ü g‡bvwe`¨vi mvaviY Á‡bi Av‡jv‡KB
G‡`i eyS‡Z nq| Gi“‡c mvgR g‡bvwe`¨vI (Social Psychology)g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î
cÖweó nq|
(N) wkí, KvwiMwi cÖf„wZ we`¨v¸‡jvi m„wó
gvby‡li gb n‡ZB| kªwgK, KvwiMi, wkíx, gvwjK ev wb‡qvMKZ©vi gb wK wK wbq‡g KvR
K‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wkíxq g‡bvwe`¨v| G mKj Av‡jvPbvq mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨vi Ávb Avek¨K nq| myZivs wkíxq g‡bvwe`¨vI (Industrial Psychology )
g‡bvwe`¨vi Aš—fy³|
(O) A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨vI (Abnormal Psychology) g‡bve`¨vi †¶‡Î
¯’vb Aw_Kvi K‡i| wKiƒ‡c A¯^fvex g‡bi wµqv eySv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv G we`¨vwUi
ÁvZe¨| wKš‘ mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨-Av‡jvwPZ
¯^fvex g‡bi Av‡jv‡KB A¯^evex gb eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z nq|
(P)
kvixie„Ëxq g‡bvwe`¨vI (Physiological
Psychology)
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Îi Aš—fy©³| G
we`¨vq kix‡ii m‡½ g‡bi m¤^Ü Av‡jvwPZ nq|
cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨vq Gi ¯’vb Acwinvh©, KviY G g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ kixix
gb (embodied ming),
Akixix AvZ¥v bq|
(Q) kvixie„Ëxq g‡bvwe`¨vi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e m¤^Ü
wPwKrmv-g‡bvwe`¨vI (Medical Psychology)
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î cÖweó| Avevi
wPwKrmv-g‡bvwe`¨vi wbKUeZ©x g‡bv‡ivMwe`¨vI (Psychiatry)
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶Î n‡Z ev` c‡o bv| wewfbœ
g‡bv‡iv‡Mi cÖK…wZ I wPwKrmvq mvaviY g‡bvwe`¨vi Ávb AZ¨vek¨K|
(R) mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j hy× g‡bvwe`¨v (Psychology of War) h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡ jvf
K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li g‡a¨ †hvab ev hy× Kivi
cÖe„wËB cÖavb, Av_ev kvwš—‡Z wg‡j _vKvi mvgvwRK cÖe„wZB cÖavb? kvwš—Kvjxb I hyÏKvjxb eû mgm¨ g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î
cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(S) G RvZxq cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡q wewebœ RvwZi
g‡bvfve eywS‡Z nq| d‡j RvZxq g‡bvwe`¨vI
(National Psychology)
g‡bvwe`¨vi †¶‡Î ¯’vb jvf K‡i|
(T)
gvby‡li ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-wePvi,
b¨vq-Ab¨vq †eva cÖf„wZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvPvi ev ms¯‹…wZ g‡bvwe`¨vi (Cultural Psychology) D™¢e nq| ms¯‹…wZ g‡bvwe`¨v g‡bvwe`¨vi GKwU wewkó
†¶Î|
(U)
‡ckv g‡bvwe`¨v (Vocational Psychology), Afx¶v
g‡bvwe`¨v (Test Psychology)
cÖf„wZ kvLv¸‡jv g‡bvwe`¨vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m’vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
g‡bvwe`¨vi
wewfbœ kvLv
(Different Branches of Psychology)
wkï
g‡bvwe`¨v (Child Psychology)
wkïg‡bi cÖKvk, weKvk Ges cÖK…wZi
ˆeÁvwbK Av‡jvPbvB wkï g‡bvwe`¨v| wkïi
nvefve, gwZMwZ, nvwm Kvbœv, †Ljva~jv cÖf„wZ AvPi‡Yi ch©‡e¶YB wkï g‡bvwe`¨vi
c×wZ| wbZvš— wkï Zvi g‡bi Ae¯’v eyS‡Z ev
Aš—`©k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wkï g‡bvwe`¨vi
GUvB cÖavb Aš—ivq| Avi GK cÖavb Aš—ivq
GB †h eoiv wkïi AvPiY‡K cwiYZ g‡bi Dcgvq eyS‡Z Pvq|
wkï g‡bvwe`¨vi Dcv`vb wkïi gvZv, avÎx,
wk¶K cÖf„wZi cÖ`Ë weeiY n‡Z msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
wKš— g‡bv‰eÁvwb‡Ki wbi‡c¶ `„wó bv _K‡j G weeiY c¶cvwZZ¡k~b¨ nq bv| G RvZxq ch©‡e¶Yg~jK cÏwZ QvovI wkïgb M‡elYvq
Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ Abym„Z nq - †hgb cÖkœvejx (Questionnaire)
c×wZ, cÖv‡qvwMK c×wZ cÖf„wZ|
wkï g‡bvwe`¨vq wkïi Rxeb‡K wewfbœ L‡Û (Periods of Childhood) wef³ Kiv
nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wkïRxeb Avi¤¢ nq gvZ…Mf©¯’
å“Yve¯’v n‡Z| wKš‘ mvaviYZt fywgô nIqvi
m‡½ m‡½ ‰kk‡ei myÎcvZ nj Ggb g‡b Kiv nq|
A‡cvMÛ Ae¯’ P‡j AvVv‡iv gvm ev †`o ermi ch©š—| G Ae¯’vq A½cÖZ‡½i bvovPvov wk‡L Dw™¢` n‡Z
†kôZ¡ AR©‡bB wkïi mKj kw³ e¨q nq| Zvici
mv‡o wZb ermi ch©š— P‡j cÖK…Z ‰kke Ae¯’v|
G Aem_vq wkïi gb ms‡e`b ¯—i n‡Z cÖZ¨‡¶i, Ggb wK Kíbvi ¯—‡i AMÖmi
nq| wkïRxe‡bi Z…Zxq LÛ cÖv_wgK
evj¨ve¯’v| mv‡o wZb ermi n‡Z cuvP ermi
ch©š— G Ae¯’v P‡j| G Ae¯’vq eyw× I
wePvikw³i DbœwZ, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk, mvgvwRK cÖe„wË, we‡eK ev AwamËvi (Conscience, Super-ego) D‡b¥l
N‡U|
cÂg ermi wkïi Rxe‡b AZ¨š—
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| ÷vb© (Stern), wcq‡R (Piaget) cÖgyL wkïg‡bvwe`& g‡b
K‡ib †h G mgq wkïi wePvi I Abygvb kw³ R‡b¥|
ZvQvov G eq‡mB wkïi cÖK„Z we`¨vi¤¢ |
cieZ©x cÖvq ev‡iv ermi ch©š— DËi evj¨e¯’v (Later Childhood)| G Ae¯’vq cÖv_wgK ev‡j¨ AwR©Z ¶gZv¸‡jvi Avi
weKvk N‡U| wePjb, Ávb, kãfvÛvi, cwi‡e‡ki
m‡½ mvgÄm¨ ¶gZv Avi c~b©Zv jvf K‡i|
cieZ©x Ave¯’v ˆK‡kvi ev be‡hŠeb (Adolesence) cÖvq Kzwo ermi
ch©š— Pj‡Z _v‡K| GwU ˆkk‡ei mxgv‡iLv,
hLb wkï Zvi cigyLv‡c‡¶x, Amnvq Ae¯’v n‡Z AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q D‡V|
wkï g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ wkïg‡bi
cÖZ…wZ I weKvk Ges Gi wewfbœ LÛ¸‡jv|
wKš‘ Gi m‡½ A‡bK cÖkœ RwoZ| Kv‡R
Kv‡RB wkïg‡bvwe`¨vi †¶ÎwU mywekvj|
cÖv‡qvwMK
g‡bvwe`¨v (Experimental Psychology)
‡h g‡bvwe`¨v K…wÎg A_ev wbqš¿Yvaxb
Ae¯’q gvbme„wË Drcbœ K‡i Gi Aš—wb©wnZ Ges ewntcÖKvwkZ iƒc Av‡jvPbv K‡i, Zvi bvg
cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨v|
1879 Lªxó‡ã wnŸj‡njg nŸyÛ (Wilhelm Wundt) Rvg©vbxq jBcwRM
kn‡i cÖ_g cÖ‡qvMkvjv ¯’vcb K‡i cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨vi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib| †nŸei (Weber),
†dKbvi (Fechner),
†Rvnv‡bm gy‡qjvi (Johannes Muller),
jURv (Lotze) cÖf„wZ
g‡bvwe`MY nŸyÛ Gi cÖv‡qwMK g‡bvwe`¨vi
fywg cÖ¯‘Z KiwQ‡jb| GwesnvDm (Ebbinghaus), wUkbvi (Titchener), Kz‡í (Kulpe) cÖf„wZ cieZ©x cÖv‡qvwMK
g‡bvwe`MY weÁvbwUi wfwË Avi my`„p K‡i Zz‡jb|
cÖv‡qwMK g‡bvwe`¨vi c×wZ
gvbme„wËi `ywU iƒc - h_v Aš—wb©wnZ ev
AbyfeMg¨ iƒc Ges ewntcÖKvwkZ iƒc|
Aš—wb©wnZ iƒcwU Rvbv hvq Aš—`©k©b c×wZi mvnv‡h¨| wKš‘ gvbme„wËi ewntcÖKvwkZ iƒc Rvbvi Dcvq nj
ch©‡e¶Y ev ewn`©k©b| G `ywU cw×wZ‡K
wgwjZfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z ci‡j Df‡qiB c„_K ¸Y¸‡jv MÖnY Ges †`vl¸‡jv eR©b Kiv
hvq|
wKš— GKB e¨w³i c‡¶ G `ywU c×wZi mw¤§wjZ
cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e bq| Aš—Zt `yB e¨w³i
mn‡hvwMZvq G hyM¥ c×wZi AbymiY m¤¢e|
cÖ_g e¨w³ Zvi gvbme„wËi Aš—`©k©b K‡i Ges wØZxq e¨w³ Zvi wentcÖKvk¸‡jv
ch©‡e¶Y K‡i| cÖ_g e¨w³‡K ejv nh cvÎ Ges wØZxq e¨w³‡K ejv n‡q cÖ‡qvMKZ©v ev
ch©‡e¶K (Experimenter, observer)
GB `yB e¨w³i hy³ cÖ‡Póvq gvbme„wËi †h iƒcwU cvIqv hvq ZvB Gi m¤ú~b© iƒc|
cÖ‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Pbv ms‡e`‡bi
M‡elYvq, KviY ms‡e`‡bi m‡½ kix‡ii cÖZ¨¶ m¤^Ü|
Zvici cÖZ¨¶, cÖwZiƒc, ¯§„wZ, Kíbv, fve, wPš—b, Abyf~wZ, cÖ‡¶vf, im
cÖf„wZ D”PZi gvbme„w˸‡jvi Dci cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨v cÖPzi Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Q| Zv Qvov, cÖwZeZ©, B”Qv, e¨w³Z¡, e„w×,
g‡bv‡hvM cÖf„wZ wµqv¸‡jvi Mfxi M‡elYvq mg„× cÖv‡qwMK g‡bvwe`¨v| m‡e©vcwi, Gi cÖfv‡e g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖ‡Z¨K kvLv
wKQy bv wKQy cÖv‡qvwMK iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|
kvixie„Ëxq
g‡bvwe`¨v (Psysiological
Psychology)
cÖv‡qvwMK g‡bvwe`¨vi AMÖMwZi m‡½
kvixie„‡Ëi AMÖMwZi Mwbô m¤^Ü i‡q‡Q, KviY gvbme„wËi kvixi cÖKvk ch©‡e¶Y bv K‡i
cÖv‡NvwMK c×wZ APj| ms‡e`‡bi cÖ‡qvM¸wj
†hgb g‡bvwe`¨vi †ZgbB kvixie„‡ËiI| ‡hgb,
†njg‡nvjR e‡j‡Qb †h wZbwU †gŠwjK is ev iƒc `k©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Aw¶R‡U ( ) Aew¯’Z wZbwU bvf©Zš‘i D‡ËRbv| Wt †nf e‡jb †h wewfbœ ¯—‡ii ¯úk© ms‡e`b
Z¡‡Ki wb‡gœ Aew¯’Z wewfbœ bv‡f©i DÏxcbvi d‡j N‡U _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K gvbme„wËi m‡½B kvixie„wZ RwoZ| g‡bvwe`¨vi welq Akixix AvZ¥v bq, wKš‘
kixivwkªZ ev kixix gb Av_ev ÷D‡Ui fvlvq (
embodied mind)|
‡Kvb& †Kvb& gvbme„wË †Kvb&
†Kvb& kixivs‡ki †Kvb& †Kvb& wµqvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, G wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvB
kvixie„Ëxq g‡bvwe`¨v| kvixie„Ëxq
g‡bvwe`¨v kix‡ii †mB mKj As‡ki MVb I wµqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i, hv‡`i m‡½
gvbmwµqvi m¤^Ü we‡kl Nwbô Ges hv ev` w`‡q Zr-mswkó gvbme„wË fvjfv‡e eySv †h‡Z
cv‡i bv|
g‡bi m‡½ kix‡ii †h Ask we‡kl Nwbôfv‡e
¯^¤¢Ü †mwU nj bvf©Zš¿ (nervous system),
we‡kl K‡i †K›`ªxq (Central)
bvf©Zš¿| Avevi †K›`ªxq bvf„Z‡š¿i cÖavb
A½ nj (1) gw¯—‡Ki wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv, †hgb ¸i“ gw¯—®‹ (Cerebrum, brain), ga¨gw¯—®‹ (Mid-brain) jNygw¯—®‹ (Cerebellum) mylygœvkxl©K (Medulla) (2) mylygœvKvÛ
(Spinal Cord)
Ges (3) ¯^Zš¿ bvf©Zš¿ (Autonomic nervous
system)| myZivs kvixie„Ëxq
g‡bvwe`¨v G‡`i MVb Ges wµqvi wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv GB g‡bvwe`¨vi GKwU cÖavb welq, KviY G‡`i Øvi w`‡qB
mKj ms‡e`Y Drcbœ nq| †hgb P¶z, KY©,
bvwmKv, Z¡K, wRnŸv GB cuvPwU Bw›`ªq iƒc, kã, MÜ, ¯úk© Ges im ms‡e`‡bi
KviY| G‡`i MVb I wµqv bv †R‡b G
ms‡e`b¸‡jv eySvi †P‡ó e„_v|
A¯^fvex
g‡bvwe`¨v (Abnormal Psychology)
‡h g‡bvwe`¨v ¯^vfvweK ev my¯’ gvbwmKZvi
gvb (Norm) ev
gvcKvwV (Standard)
n‡Z wePy¨Z g‡bi AvPiY Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges G wePz¨wZi KviY I Gi wbivg‡qi Dcvq
wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡KB A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨v e‡j|
e¨vwebw¯‹ (Babinski) wmRgÛ d«‡q` (Sigmund Freud), wm. wR. qy½ (C.G. Jung), A¨vj‡d«W A¨vWjvi (Alfred
Adler), gU©b& wcÖÝ (Morton
Prince), DBwjqvg g¨vK&WyM¨vj (William McDougall) cÖf„wZ A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨vi
cw_K…r| G mKj g‡bvwe`MY cÖ‡Z¨‡KB A¯^fvex
g‡bvwe`¨vi GK GKwU ¯^Zš¿ kvLvi cÖwZôvZv|
gvbwmK †ivM, mœvqweK weKvi, ¯^cœ Ges
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fyjåvwš— Gi mvaviY Av‡jvP¨|
wKš‘ gvbm †ivMB A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq| gvbwmK j¶‡Yi Dci ˆ`wnK cÖfv‡ei gvÎv Abymv‡i
gvbwmK †ivM¸‡jvi mvaviYZt wZb †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv nq| h_v DØvqy (Neurosis) evqy‡ivM ( Psychoneurosis)
Ges evZzjZv (Psychosis)| Gme gvbm‡iv‡Mi DrcwË, wbY©q, wb`vb ( Diagnosis),
Av‡ivM¨ m¤¢vebv (Prognosis)
Ges wPwKrmv (Treatment)
cÖf„wZ A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨vi welqxf~Z|
A¯^fvex g‡bvwe`¨v c×wZwbô| Gi M‡elYv cw×wZ cÖv‡qvwMK| †ivM wPwKrmvq Awffveb ( Suggestion),
ms‡ekb (Hypnosis),
we‡iPb (Catharsis)
cÖf„wZ G c×wZi wewfbœ A½| d«‡qW Gi g‡Z
Aeva fvevbyl½ (Free Association)
gbtmgx¶Y c×wZ| bvbv m¤ú`v‡q wef³ A¯^fvex
g‡bvwe`¨vi cÖavb m¤cÖ`vq d«‡qW Gi gbtmgx¶Y (Psychoanlysis)
qy¨½ Gi we‡kmY g‡bvwe`¨v (Analytical
Psychology), A¨vWjvi Gi e¨w³ g‡bvwe`¨v (Individual Psychology),
g¨vKWyM¨vj Gi D‡Ïk¨g~jK g‡bvwe`¨v (Hormic Psychology)|
wk¶v
g‡bvwe`¨v (Educational Psychology)
wg¶v g‡bvwe`¨v dwjZ g‡bvwe`¨vi (Applied Psychology) GKwU cÖavb kvLv
ev wefvM| mvaviY ev weï× g‡bvwe`¨vi (General or Pure Psychology)
wbqg ev myθ‡jvi wk¶Y e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qv‡Mi bvgB wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨v| gvby‡li AvPiY wK cÖKv‡i b~Zb wk¶Yxq e¯‘
Rvwbevi d‡j µ‡g µ‡g DbœZ n‡q I‡V, GUvB wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨|
wk¶v Avi¤¢ nq R‡b¥i cÖ_g gyn~Z© n‡Z Ges
Pwj‡Z _v‡K gyZz¨i c~e© gyn~Z© ch©š’|
wKš‘ G wk¶v cÖvK…wZK| cÖvK…wZK
wk¶v wbqš¿Ykxj Ae¯’vq cÖv‡qvwMK wk¶v bq, Kv‡RB wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi MÛxi evB‡i| wbqš¿Yvaxb cÖv‡qvwMK wk¶vB wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi
D‡Ïk¨|
wKš‘ hw`I wk¶v Avevje„×ewbZv wbwe©‡k‡l
mK‡jiB ag©, cwiYZ A‡c¶v AcwiYZ wkï ev wK‡kvi gbB wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi d«avb
j¶¨| KviY wkï ev wK‡kvi gb A‡c¶vKzZfv‡e
weï× Ges ms¯‹vigy³| Giƒc gbB b~Zb wk¶v
Mn‡Yi Dc‡hvMx| c¶vš—‡i cwiYZ gb `„pg~j
ms¯‹ie×| G gb mn‡R ev ¯^Ztù’Z©fv‡e b~Zb
wk¶Yxq welq MÖn‡Y AcviM|
wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨v c×wZwbô| †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z wk¶v`vb Ki‡j Zv djcÖm~ nq
wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi c‡¶ GUv GKUv eo welq|
bvbv wk¶v c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i wk¶v msµvš— wbqg ev m~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡i wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨v
| †Kvb& wk¶Y c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v `ª“Z
nq, cwikªg Ges mgq Kg jv‡M G RvZxq cÖkœ¸‡jv wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi we‡eP¨| wk¶v_©xi wk¶v cÖn‡Yi †hvM¨Zv wePvi K‡i wk¶v
c×wZ wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| Aeva¨, D”Q„•Lj Ges
A¯^vfvex wkï‡K wk¶v`v‡bi c×wZ wK? Roax (Idiot), g›`ax ( Imbecile), D¾¡jax (Bright) Ges cÖwZfvevb (Genius) wkï‡K wKiƒ‡c wkK&kv`vb
Ki‡Z nq G mKj wkïwk¶Yg~jK cÖkœ wk¶v g‡bvwe`¨vi we‡kl fv‡e Av‡jvP¨ welq| e¨w³Z¡ Ges eyw×i cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h G RvZxq
cÖ‡kœi mgvavb Ki‡Z nq| G mKj cwigv‡c
cwimsL¨vb c×wZ Aej¤^bxq|
wkíxq
g‡bvwe`¨v (Industrial Psychology)
wkí, e¨emvq, kª‡gi m‡½ gvby‡li gb
hy³| wkíx ïay wkí Drcv`‡bi hš¿gvÎ bq,
wKš‘ GKRb gbwewkó, myL `ytL ¯^v”Q›`¨ cÖf„wZ †evam¤úbœ gvbyl| wk‡íi Drcv`b e„w×, jf¨vsk e„w×, cÖmvi
wkíxg‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
kªgRwbZ K¬vwš— ev Aemv` (Fatigue) wk‡ívrcv`‡ib
Dci we‡kl cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| Drcv`‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ Kg©xi kªg ev †Póvi d‡jB Drcv`b nq|
Avevi kªg ev †Póvi ci K¬vwš— ev Aemv`I N‡U| Aembœ kª‡gi d‡jB Drcvv`b ¶wZMÖ¯— nq| Kv‡RB kªgB wk‡ívrcv`‡bi GKgvÎ wbqvgK bq| kªg ev Kg©KzkjZv (Efficiency) wk‡ívrcv`‡bi
GKwU g¯— KviY| wkíxq g‡bvwe`¨v G Kg©
KzkjZv cwigv‡ci Dcvq †eo K‡i|
wkíxq g‡bvwe`¨v j¶¨ iv‡L kªg hv‡Z
Avb›``vqK I wPËvKl©K nq, G wel‡qi w`‡K|
Drcv`‡bi cÖKvi I cwigvY †iLvwP‡Îi (Curve)
mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Kg© I wekªvgKv‡ji
web¨vm K‡i kªgKykjZv e„w×i e¨e¯’ K‡i|
Av‡jv evZv‡mi Afve, hš¿cvwZi wek„•Ljv cÖf„wZ Drcv`‡bi Aš—-ivq¸‡jv `~i
K‡i| †evbvm, wPËwe‡bv`‡bi e¨e¯’v cÖf„wZi
mvnv‡h¨ kªwgK‡K mdj kª‡g DrmvwnZ K‡i|
e„Ëxq wb‡`©kbv (Vocational Guidance) wkíxq
g‡bvwe`¨vq we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i|
†Kvb& e¨w³ †Kvb& Kv‡Ri Dchy³ Zv wbY©q K‡i, wbiƒwcZ Kv‡R †m
e¨w³‡K Dc‡`k I wb‡`©k `vbB e„Ëxq cwiPvjbv|
cÖPvi weÁvcbI (Advertisement) wkíxq
g‡bvwe`¨vi GKwU KvR| cÖPvi weÁvcb
wkí-cÖwZôv‡bi Rbms‡hvM hš¿| Gi gva¨‡g
RbmvaviY H cÖwZôvb, Gi Drcv`b Ges H Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
posted by Johnastine @ 00:24
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